The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy
Abstract
The comparison of the immunological state of pregnancy to an immunosuppressed host-graft model continues to lead research and clinical practice to ill-defined approaches. This Review discusses recent evidence that supports the idea that immunological responses at the receptive maternal-fetal interface are not simply suppressed but are instead highly dynamic. We discuss the crucial role of trophoblast cells in shaping not only the way in which immune cells respond to the invading blastocyst but also how they collectively react to external stimuli. We also discuss the role of the microbiota in promoting a tolerogenic maternal immune system and highlight how subclinical viral infections can disrupt this status quo, leading to pregnancy complications.
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Miscarriage risk increases with the amount smoked, with a 1% increase in relative risk per cigarette smoked per day.
“Miscarriage risk increases with the amount smoked (1% increase in relative risk per cigarette smoked per day). 41”
From Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
The risk of miscarriage from smoking is greater when smoking exposure occurs specifically during the pregnancy in which miscarriage risk was measured.
“The risk is greater when smoking exposure occurs specifically during the pregnancy in which miscarriage risk was measured. 41”
From Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
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References 181 · Cited by 1,041
- Authors
- Mor, G., Aldo, P., & Alvero, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mor, Gil
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2017-06-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 469-482
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W2693237708
- Cited by
- 1,041
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56AI124356)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- pregnancy immunology, maternal-fetal interface, inflammation in pregnancy, trophoblast, maternal-fetal immune tolerance, microbiota, viral infection in pregnancy, pregnancy complications, immune response dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Antigen-Presenting Cells, Dendritic Cells, Female, Fetus, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy
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