Getting up to speed with transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II
Open accessAbstract
Recent advances in sequencing techniques that measure nascent transcripts and that reveal the positioning of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that the pausing of Pol II in promoter-proximal regions and its release to initiate a phase of productive elongation are key steps in transcription regulation. Moreover, after the release of Pol II from the promoter-proximal region, elongation rates are highly dynamic throughout the transcription of a gene, and vary on a gene-by-gene basis. Interestingly, Pol II elongation rates affect co-transcriptional processes such as splicing, termination and genome stability. Increasing numbers of factors and regulatory mechanisms have been associated with the steps of transcription elongation by Pol II, revealing that elongation is a highly complex process. Elongation is thus now recognized as a key phase in the regulation of transcription by Pol II.
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RNA Pol II promoter-proximal pausing is an early regulatory step that controls expression of most metazoan genes.
“For example, RNA Pol II promoter‐proximal pausing, which has received increasing attention in the transcription field since the late 90s, was shown to be an early regulatory step that controls expression of most metazoan genes (for excellent reviews on this step, see (Jonkers & Lis, 2015; Chen et al, 2018)).”
From RNA polymerase II speed: a key player in controlling and adapting transcriptome composition (2021) · cites this paper as Jonkers & Lis, 2015
The Abstract describes promoter-proximal pausing as an early, common regulatory step, and “P-TEFb acts at all active genes” says all active genes experience a potentially rate-limiting pause. But that section reports significant paused-Pol-II accumulation in only 40–70% of active genes and says pause release could become regulatory at all active genes. It does not establish that pausing controls expression of most metazoan genes as stated. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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References 135 · Cited by 876
- Authors
- Jonkers, I., & Lis, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lis, John T.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2015-02-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 167-177
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- PMC
- PMC4782187
- OpenAlex
- W2012451954
- Cited by
- 876
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 31 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM025232, R37GM025232, GM-25232)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Keywords
- RNA polymerase II, transcription elongation, promoter-proximal pausing, elongation rate, nascent RNA, co-transcriptional splicing, transcription termination, genome stability, transcriptional regulation, nascent RNA sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Bromodomain Containing Proteins, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Drosophila melanogaster, Humans, Neoplasms, Nuclear Proteins, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, RNA Polymerase II, Transcription Factors, Genome, Cell Cycle Proteins, Drosophila Proteins, Genomic Instability, Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B, Transcription Elongation, Genetic
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