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Cited by 39Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchSchizophrenia research and treatment

A population-based family clustering study of tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Brander, Gustaf, Kuja-Halkola, Ralf, Rosenqvist, Mina A., Rück, Christian, Serlachius, Eva, Fernández de la Cruz, Lorena, Lichtenstein, Paul, Crowley, James J. +2 more·2021·Molecular Psychiatry
DOI 10.1038/s41380-019-0532-zPMC PMC7985024
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Abstract

In the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) included a new “tic-related” specifier. However, strong evidence supporting tic-related OCD as a distinct subtype of OCD is lacking. This study investigated whether, at the population level, tic-related OCD has a stronger familial load than non-tic-related OCD. From a cohort of individuals born in Sweden between 1967 and 2007 ( n = 4,085,367; 1257 with tic-related OCD and 20,975 with non-tic-related OCD), we identified all twins, full siblings, maternal and paternal half siblings, and cousins. Sex- and birth year-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated to estimate the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with OCD with and without comorbid tics, compared with relatives of unaffected individuals. We found that OCD is a familial disorder, regardless of comorbid tic disorder status. However, the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with tic-related OCD was considerably greater than the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with non-tic-related OCD (e.g., risk for full siblings: aHR = 10.63 [95% CI, 7.92–14.27] and aHR = 4.52 [95% CI, 4.06–5.02], respectively; p value for the difference < 0.0001). These differences remained when the groups were matched by age at first OCD diagnosis and after various sensitivity analyses. The observed familial patterns of OCD in relation to tics were not seen in relation to other neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Tic-related OCD is a particularly familial subtype of OCD. The results have important implications for ongoing gene-searching efforts.

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Authors
Brander, G., Kuja-Halkola, R., Rosenqvist, M. A., Rück, C., Serlachius, E., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Lichtenstein, P., Crowley, J. J., Larsson, H., & Mataix-Cols, D.
Affiliations
  • Region Stockholm (SE)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Örebro University (SE)
Corresponding author
Brander, Gustaf
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-10-15
Volume
26
Issue
4
Pages
1224-1233
ISSN
  • 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5578
DOI
10.1038/s41380-019-0532-z
PMC
PMC7985024
OpenAlex
W2981170007
Cited by
39
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7
FWCI
4.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH110427)
  • Vetenskapsrådet (2015-02271)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords
obsessive-compulsive disorder, familial aggregation, tics, comorbidities, half-siblings, cousins, genetic risk, neuropsychiatric comorbidity, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
MeSH terms
Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Sweden, Tic Disorders, Comorbidity, Cluster Analysis, Tics

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