The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time
Open accessAbstract
To address global challenges1–4, 193 countries have committed to the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)5. Quantifying progress towards achieving the SDGs is essential to track global efforts towards sustainable development and guide policy development and implementation. However, systematic methods for assessing spatio-temporal progress towards achieving the SDGs are lacking. Here we develop and test systematic methods to quantify progress towards the 17 SDGs at national and subnational levels in China. Our analyses indicate that China’s SDG Index score (an aggregate score representing the overall performance towards achieving all 17 SDGs) increased at the national level from 2000 to 2015. Every province also increased its SDG Index score over this period. There were large spatio-temporal variations across regions. For example, eastern China had a higher SDG Index score than western China in the 2000s, and southern China had a higher SDG Index score than northern China in 2015. At the national level, the scores of 13 of the 17 SDGs improved over time, but the scores of four SDGs declined. This study suggests the need to track the spatio-temporal dynamics of progress towards SDGs at the global level and in other nations. Systematic methods for evaluating progress towards the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are developed and tested using 119 indicators at China’s national and subnational levels during 2000–2015, showing improvement overall.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Four billion people facing severe water scarcity
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500323 · Cited by 5,531
Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital
Ouyang, Z., Zheng, H., Xiao, Y., Polasky, S., Liu, J., Xu, W., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Xiao, Y., Rao, E., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2295 · Cited by 1,744
Self-citationChina’s environment in a globalizing world
Liu, J., & Diamond, J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4351179a · Cited by 1,643
Self-citationBibliometrics: Global gender disparities in science
Larivière, V., Ni, C., Gingras, Y., Cronin, B., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/504211a · Cited by 1,493
China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency
Bryan, B. A., Gao, L., Ye, Y., Sun, X., Connor, J. D., Crossman, N. D., Stafford-Smith, M., Wu, J., He, C., Yu, D., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0280-2 · Cited by 1,442
Systems integration for global sustainability
Liu, J., Mooney, H., Hull, V., Davis, S. J., Gaskell, J., Hertel, T., Lubchenco, J., Seto, K. C., Gleick, P., Kremen, C., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1258832 · Cited by 1,307
Self-citationUnited Nations Statistics Division
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43sup-0473 · Cited by 1,202
Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals
Fuso Nerini, F., Tomei, J., To, L. S., Bisaga, I., Parikh, P., Black, M., Borrion, A., Spataru, C., Castán Broto, V., Anandarajah, G., et al. (2017) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-017-0036-5 · Cited by 1,090
The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries
Jayachandran, S. (2015) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115404 · Cited by 1,028
Income inequality in today’s China
Xie, Y., & Zhou, X. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1403158111 · Cited by 941
Cited by
Huang, X., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Zhou, C., Ma, J., & Feng, X. (2022) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109078 · Cited by 52
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, Z., Chau, S. N., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Dietz, T., Wang, J., Winkler, J. A., Fan, F., Huang, B., Li, S., Wu, S., Herzberger, A., Tang, Y., Hong, D., Li, Y., & Liu, J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-01-01
- Volume
- 577
- Issue
- 7788
- Pages
- 74-78
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2998528176
- Cited by
- 788
- References
- 24
- FWCI
- 114.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41586-019-1846-3
- The paper
- Xu, Z., Chau, S. N., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Dietz, T., Wang, J., Winkler, J. A., Fan, F., Huang, B., Li, S., Wu, S., Herzberger, A., Tang, Y., Hong, D., Li, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Assessing progress towards sustainable development over space and time. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1846-3
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
