The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Selective prebiotic formation of RNA pyrimidine and DNA purine nucleosides
Open accessAbstract
The nature of the first genetic polymer is the subject of major debate 1. Although the 'RNA world' theory suggests that RNA was the first replicable information carrier of the prebiotic era-that is, prior to the dawn of life 2,3-other evidence implies that life may have started with a heterogeneous nucleic acid genetic system that included both RNA and DNA 4. Such a theory streamlines the eventual 'genetic takeover' of homogeneous DNA from RNA as the principal information-storage molecule, but requires a selective abiotic synthesis of both RNA and DNA building blocks in the same local primordial geochemical scenario. Here we demonstrate a high-yielding, completely stereo-, regio- and furanosyl-selective prebiotic synthesis of the purine deoxyribonucleosides: deoxyadenosine and deoxyinosine. Our synthesis uses key intermediates in the prebiotic synthesis of the canonical pyrimidine ribonucleosides (cytidine and uridine), and we show that, once generated, the pyrimidines persist throughout the synthesis of the purine deoxyribonucleosides, leading to a mixture of deoxyadenosine, deoxyinosine, cytidine and uridine. These results support the notion that purine deoxyribonucleosides and pyrimidine ribonucleosides may have coexisted before the emergence of life 5.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, the search for a prebiotically plausible mechanism that can both induce and amplify a chiral bias in an RNA precursor from a fully racemic starting material has remained to be an open problem.”
From Origin of biological homochirality by crystallization of an RNA precursor on a magnetic surface (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Follow-up studies highlighted ribo-aminooxazoline (RAO) as a key compound to resolve the origin of homochirality due to its centrality in the synthesis of nucleotides and crystallization properties (22, 25–27).”
From Origin of biological homochirality by crystallization of an RNA precursor on a magnetic surface (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Glyceraldehyde is also the starting product in a sequence of reactions that produce through intermediates 15–18 both purine and pyrimidine (deoxy)ribonucleosides”
From The protometabolic nature of prebiotic chemistry (2023) · cites this paper as [103]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a recent publication, this pathway was further elaborated to include the synthesis of purine deoxyribonucleosides [110].”
From Prebiotic Reaction Networks in Water (2020) · cites this paper as [110]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Gilbert, W. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319618a0 · Cited by 2,721
Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid
Lindahl, T. L., & Nyberg, B. (1972) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00769a018 · Cited by 1,558
Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions.
Powner, M. W., Gerland, B., & Sutherland, J. D. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08013 · Cited by 1,383
Self-citationThe antiquity of RNA-based evolution.
Joyce, G. F. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/418214a · Cited by 1,070
Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
Patel, B. H., Percivalle, C., Ritson, D. J., Duffy, C. D., & Sutherland, J. D. (2015) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.2202 · Cited by 949
Self-citationDreuw, A., & Wormit, M. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Molecular Science · doi:10.1002/wcms.1206 · Cited by 582
From RNA to DNA, Why So Many Ribonucleotide Reductases?
Reichard, P. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8511586 · Cited by 541
The Origin of Chalcogen-Bonding Interactions
Pascoe, D. J., Ling, K. B., & Cockroft, S. L. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b08511 · Cited by 534
Structure Optimizations for Excited States with Correlated Second-Order Methods: CC2 and ADC(2)
Hättig, C. (2005) · Advances in quantum chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3276(05)50003-0 · Cited by 491
Unified Prebiotically Plausible Synthesis of Pyrimidine and Purine RNA Ribonucleotides
Becker, S., Feldmann, J., Wiedemann, S., Okamura, H., Schneider, C., Iwan, K., Crisp, A., Rossa, M., Amatov, T., & Carell, T. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax2747 · Cited by 306
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Vorbrüggen, H. & Ruh-Pohlenz, C. Handbook of Nucleoside Synthesis (Wiley, 2001).
- Sanchez, R. A., Ferris, J. P. & Orgel, L. E. Studies in prebiotic synthesis. II: Synthesis of purine precursors and amino acids from aqueous hydrogen cyanide. J. Mol. Biol. 80, 223–253 (1967).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–176 of 176
Emergence, Construction, or Unlikely? Navigating the Space of Questions Regarding Life's Origins
Bartlett, S., & Wong, M. L. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119555568.ch3 · Cited by 4
Aydin, B., & Cansev, M. (2025) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-025-00788-5 · Cited by 3
Assembly of Replicating Protocells with Primitive Metabolism
Karabaşoğlu, C., Saytas, A., Akgol, B., Mercimek, S., & Toparlak, Ö. D. (2026) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074261435277 · Cited by 3
First Steps Towards Molecular Evolution
Trapp, O. (2021) · Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81039-9_7 · Cited by 3
The RNA-DNA world and the emergence of DNA-encoded heritable traits
Roy, S., & Sengupta, S. (2024) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2024.2355391 · Cited by 3
Did organs precede organisms in the origin of life?
Baquero, F., Bever, G. S., de Lorenzo, V., Lanza, V. F., & Briones, C. (2024) · microLife · doi:10.1093/femsml/uqae025 · Cited by 3
Nonenzymatic RNA copying with a potentially primordial genetic alphabet
Fang, Z., Jia, X., Xing, Y., & Szostak, J. W. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2505720122 · Cited by 3
Eiby, S. H. J., & Hassenkam, T. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15111650 · Cited by 3
How DNA and RNA subunits might have formed to make the first genetic alphabet
Vay, K. K. L., & Mutschler, H. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01566-4 · Cited by 3
Behavior of B- and Z-DNA Crystals under High Hydrostatic Pressure
Prangé, T., Colloc’h, N., Dhaussy, A., Lecouvey, M., Migianu‐Griffoni, E., & Girard, É. (2022) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst12060871 · Cited by 3
Selective Prebiotic Synthesis of α‐Threofuranosyl Cytidine by Photochemical Anomerization
Colville, B. W. F., & Powner, M. W. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202101376 · Cited by 3
Jankowska, J., & Góra, R. W. (2020) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d0cp05271j · Cited by 3
Self-citationNucleotide Photochemistry on the Early Earth
Whitaker, D. E., Colville, B. W. F., & Powner, M. W. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119555568.ch15 · Cited by 4
Mg 2+ -driven selection of natural phosphatidic acids in primitive membranes
Madanan, K. T., Li, Y., Boide-Trujillo, V. J., Russell, D. A., & Bonfio, C. (2024) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d4sc05362a · Cited by 3
Self-citationExperimental Models on the Prebiotic Formation of Biopolymer Building Blocks
Menor-Salván, C., & Ruiz‐Bermejo, M. (2025) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074251365950 · Cited by 5
Non-carbohydrate syntheses of nucleoside analogues
Fung, E., & Britton, R. (2025) · Trends in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trechm.2025.09.001 · Cited by 2
A chemoproteomic atlas of the human purine interactome for regioselective ligand discovery
Li, Z., Tsai, H.-K., Libby, A. H., Founds, M. W., Murtagh, O. L., Ware, M. L., Leace, D. M., 5, Gingrich, P. W., Al‐Lazikani, B., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73407-3 · Cited by 2
Prebiotic Investigations and Reaction Network Analysis on the Wöhler‐RNA System
Kurrle, N. J., Bechtel, M. A., Hampel, N., & Trapp, O. (2025) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202500046 · Cited by 2
Influence of Phosphate Activation Chemistry on the Selection of the Primordial Genetic Alphabet
Bošković, F., Zhang, J., Swatiputra, A. A., & Szostak, J. W. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c23101 · Cited by 2
Walton, C. R., White, & Rimmer, P. B. (2026) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074261435780 · Cited by 2
Strand Structure Controls Photoinduced Self-Repair of RNA Uracil Dimers
Garg, S., Lech, B. K., & Szabla, R. (2026) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6c00397 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPrebiotic Chemistry of Nucleobases and Nucleotides
Burcar, B. T., & Menor-Salván, C. A. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839164798-00215 · Cited by 2
Ranjan, S., Nayak, P. K., Pineda, J. S., & Narang, M. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace32d · Cited by 3
The First Nucleic Acid Strands May Have Grown on Peptides via Primeval Reverse Translation
Tozzi, A., & Mazzeo, M. (2023) · Acta Biotheoretica · doi:10.1007/s10441-023-09474-6 · Cited by 2
Roles of dimeric intermediates in RNA-catalyzed rolling circle synthesis
Kristoffersen, E. L., McRae, E. K. S., Sørensen, N. R., Holliger, P., & Andersen, E. S. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf057 · Cited by 3
Tailored Watson–Crick Pairing Partners for Xanthosine in RNA
Mair, S., Rázková, A., Brillet, K., Gasser, C., Ennifar, E., & Micura, R. (2025) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202501860 · Cited by 2
UV/VUV photoprocessing of protonatedN-hetero(poly)acenes
Jacovella, U., Hansen, C. S., Giuliani, A., Trevitt, A. J., & Nahon, L. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac496 · Cited by 2
Emergence of function from single RNA sequences by Darwinian evolutionPreprint
Wachowius, F., Porebski, B. T., Johnson, C. M., & Holliger, P. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433769 · Cited by 2
Prebiotic Chemistry in the Wild: How Geology Interferes with the Origins of LifePreprint
Walton, C. R., Rimmer, P. B., Williams, H., & Shorttle, O. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13198205.v1 · Cited by 3
Guo, W. P., Chen, F., Kinghorn, A. B., Li, X., Ou, H., Pan, Y., Luo, R., Wang, Y., Lau, K. K., Mao, T., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.656378 · Cited by 2
Bhardwaj, S., Chopra, H., Agrawal, R., Mali, S. N., Rahman, M. A., & Garg, A. (2025) · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s1068162024604907 · Cited by 1
Selection of Ribofuranose‐Isomer Among Pentoses by Phosphorylation with Diamidophosphate
Cruz, H. A., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202509810 · Cited by 2
Jia, X., Zhao, L., Liu, S., Du, J., Wang, Z., Ge, L., Xu, J., Cui, K., Ga, Y., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.07.051 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNovichkov, A. I., Diskin‐Posner, Y., Shimon, L. J. W., Leitus, G., Flamm, C., & Semenov, S. N. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c09581 · Cited by 2
Leal, A. G., Aoyagi, T. Y., Costa-Martins, A. G., de Souza, D. T., da Silva, C. M. F., Ueda, E. T., Parada, M. G. D. O., Feitosa, A. E., & Fujita, A. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.09.002 · Cited by 1
Ultraviolet-driven self-repair in chimeric d(GAUU) outcompetes damage formation
Crucilla, S. J., Zeng, J., Ding, D., Xing, Y., Szostak, J. W., Sasselov, D. D., & Kufner, C. L. (2026) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d6cc01508e · Cited by 1
Prebiotic chemistry: From dust to molecules and beyond
Camprubí, E., Markovitch, O., Muchowska, K. B., Otto, S., & ten Kate, I. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824162-2.00005-1 · Cited by 1
The practical acetylation of nucleosides using acetic anhydride/acetic acid as a reusable solvent
Ran, X., Xia, C., Yang, Y.-X., Liu, L.-J., Chen, L., & Sun, L. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Research · doi:10.1177/17475198221115020 · Cited by 1
Wachowius, F., Porebski, B. T., Johnson, C. M., & Holliger, P. (2023) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202300006 · Cited by 3
Metabolomics-based alleviation of depression by Xiaoyaosan through regulation of XDH and GRIA2
Lei, C., Liu, Y., Ma, Q., Chen, Z., Kong, Q., Jia, Y., Wang, X., Li, X., Xue, Z., & Chen, J. (2023) · Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100284 · Cited by 1
Nucleobases as Molecular Fossils of Prebiotic Photoselection
de Vries, M. S., & Svadlenak, N. (2024) · Nucleic acids and molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68807-2_4 · Cited by 1
The Miller–Urey Experiment's Impact on Modern Approaches to Prebiotic Chemistry
Cleaves, H. J. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839164798-00165 · Cited by 1
Prebiotic Chemistry in the Wild: How Geology Interferes with the Origins of LifePreprint
Walton, C. R., Rimmer, P. B., Williams, H., & Shorttle, O. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13198205 · Cited by 2
Brack, A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029235 · Cited by 1
Amino acids catalyze RNA formation under ambient alkaline conditionsPreprint
Braun, D., Rout, S. K., Wunnava, S., Powner, M. W., Šponer, J. E., & Mast, C. B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4343389/v1 · Cited by 1
Prebiotic Resource Constraints and the Origin of Life: A Linear Logic FrameworkPreprint
Tozzi, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644802 · Cited by 1
Tiano, M. (2020) · Pour la Science · doi:10.3917/pls.516.0012
Cojocaru, R., & Unrau, P. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00334-0
Phylogenetic Analysis of aaRS Reveals the Kinship of Amino Acids
Li, M., & Su, M. (2021) · International Conference on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (ICCBB) · doi:10.1145/3512452.3512459
DNA-catalysed alternative RNA splicing
Wei, D., Gao, M., Guo, J., Wang, Y., Li, X., Li, Z., & Yu, H. (2022) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d2cc00812b
First Steps of Prebiotic Chemistry Catalyzed by Minerals and Metals
Huber, L., & Trapp, O. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839164798-00077
Strazewski, P. (2023) · Nature Synthesis · doi:10.1038/s44160-023-00255-0
Construction of a mini-RNA replicon inEscherichia coli
Kashiwagi, A., & Yomo, T. (2023) · Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1093/synbio/ysad004
Rational ignorance in the search for extra-terrestrial life
Zanders, E. D. (2023) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2023.101675
Nucleoside Phosphorylases Make N7-Xanthosine, the “Non-native” Regioisomer of XanthosinePreprint
Westarp, S., Brandt, F., Neumair, L., Betz, C., Dagane, A., Kemper, S., Jacob, C. R., Neubauer, P. B., Kurreck, A., & Kaspar, F. (2023) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-0fp1b
Lynch, M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192847287.003.0002
Tracking an Ultrafast C-S Bond Breaking in the UV-induced Sulfur-substituted 2-aminoazolePreprint
Janicki, M. J., Kufner, C. L., Góra, R. W., & Sasselov, D. D. (2024) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-drxcv-v2
Self-citationDid organs precede organisms in the dawn of life?Preprint
Baquero, F., Lanza, V. F., & Briones, C. (2024) · doi:10.32942/x2p330
A Survey of the Battlefield for the Origin of Life
(2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119901228.ch11
Chalcogen Bonds Enable Efficient Photoreduction of Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles
Janicki, M. J., & Szabla, R. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202413498
Self-citationModel Syntheses of Saccharides, Nucleobases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides
Kricheldorf, H. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70752-4_5
Selection of Ribofuranose‐Isomer Among Pentoses by Phosphorylation with Diamidophosphate
Cruz, H. A., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202509810
Shi, A.-T., Yang, C., Lv, Q.-L., Xue, Y., Yang, J., & Li, D. (2025) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5nj02101d
Impact of 2′-deoxyribo-purine substrates on nonenzymatic RNA template-directed primer extension
Fang, Z., Acikgoz, O., Jia, X., Essex, J., Wen, R., & Szostak, J. W. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1228
A-type helicity controls efficient nonenzymatic template copying of nucleic acids
Lech, B. K., Jurečka, P., Zgarbová, M., & Szabla, R. (2025) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d5cc05343a
Self-citationMehta, S., Patel, I., & Patel, G. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118657
Chen, X., Wang, H., Zhou, M., Lin, Q., Guo, Y., Zhang, W., Sun, Y., Li, Z., Luo, H., & Wang, R. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c22607
Ter‐Ovanessian, L. M. P. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/127363f6z9511z4582z9a7azd31ee7d91f30
Phosphorylation of prebiotic precursors on the early Earth
Shvetsova, A. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f29e48aezf058z4ca4za37czb7fc87d89620
Chalcogen σ-hole interaction enabled radical reactions
Zhang, Y., Chen, J.-R., Chen, X., & (166143), Q. L. (2026) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d6cc02381a
Haseltine, W. A., & Patarca, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31089-7_5
Exonuclease Ribozyme Encoded in a Circular Genome: On the Initiation of the RNA World
Liang, M., Yu, C., Jiang, H., & Ma, W. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16081287
Castanedo, L. A. M., & Matta, C. F. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-026-10336-1
Continuous UV irradiation played an inconclusive role in selecting the canonical genetic alphabet
Jusino-Maldonado, M., Platten, W., Wolfe, H., & Todd, Z. R. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2602433123
Simultaneous formation of DNA and RNA nucleosides in shock-recovery experiments
Zhao, J., & Mimura, K. (2026) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2026.10.020
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, J., Chmela, V., Green, N. J., Russell, D. A., Janicki, M. J., Góra, R. W., Szabla, R., Bond, A. D., & Sutherland, J. D.
- Affiliations
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology (PL)
- Institute of Physics (PL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sutherland, John D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-06-03
- Volume
- 582
- Issue
- 7810
- Pages
- 60-66
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC7116818
- OpenAlex
- W3029443600
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 18
- FWCI
- 11.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC UP A024 1009)
- Wroclawskie Centrum Sieciowo-Superkomputerowe, Politechnika Wroclawska
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- prebiotic synthesis, RNA world, origin of life, deoxyadenosine, deoxyinosine, cytidine, uridine, stereo- and regioselectivity
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, Adenosine, Cytidine, DNA, Oxidation-Reduction, Purine Nucleosides, Pyrimidine Nucleosides, RNA, Uridine, Evolution, Chemical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
