Medical large language models are vulnerable to data-poisoning attacks
Alber, Daniel Alexander, Yang, Zihao, Alyakin, Anton, Yang, Eunice, Rai, Sumedha, Valliani, Aly A., Zhang, Jeff, Rosenbaum, Gabriel R., Amend-Thomas, Ashley K., Kurland, David B., Kremer, Caroline M., Eremiev, Alexander, Negash, Bruck, Wiggan, Daniel D., Nakatsuka, Michelle A., Sangwon, Karl L., Neifert, Sean N., Khan, Hammad A., Save, Akshay Vinod, Palla, Adhith, Grin, Eric A., Hedman, Monika, Nasir-Moin, Mustafa, Liu, Xujin Chris, Jiang, Lavender Yao, Mankowski, Michal A., Segev, Dorry L., Aphinyanaphongs, Yindalon, Riina, Howard A., Golfinos, John G., Orringer, Daniel A., Kondziolka, Douglas, Oermann, Eric Karl·2025·Nature Medicine
Cited by (196)
Items 101–196 of 196
- Securing the Generative Frontier: A Systematic Analysis of Training Data Poisoning and Prompt Engineering Vulnerabilities in Large Language ModelsManojava Bharadwaj Bhagavathula · 2025 · International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology
- Identifying Useful Answers on Community-Based Question Answering Platforms: A Novel Unified Answer Comment-Based ApproachYidong Chai, Fulai Cui, Shuo Yu · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
- It’s not just the Web, It’s the Spider as well: Prioritising Education over Structural ChangesJelena Pavličić, Adam Nedeljković · 2025 · Episteme
- Large Language Models Versus Thrombosis Experts: A Comparative Study on Patient Education and Clinical Decision-Making in Venous ThromboembolismNikola Vladić, Stephan Nopp, Ingrid Pabinger, Walter Ageno, Jean M. Connors, Sabine Eichinger, Cihan Ay · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
- Data Optimization for LLMs: A SurveyOu Wu · 2026 · ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data
- TAR-TKG: Temporal-aware representation for temporal knowledge graphsLaibin Zhao, Kurunathan Ratnavelu, Ghassan Saleh ALDharhani · 2025 · Intelligent Data Analysis
- Large Language Models in Metabolic and Diabetes Healthcare Information (Preprint)Gloria Wu, Obaid Khan, Hrishi Paliath-Pathiyal, Ethan Pan, Riki Toram, Viki V Toram · 2025
- A Review of Data Models and Frameworks in Urban Environments in the Context of AIH. Patricia McKenna · 2025 · Urban Science
- Das Potenzial von künstlicher Intelligenz in der DiabetologieSusanne Tan, Young Hee Lee-Barkey, Bernhard Kulzer, Norbert Hermanns, Dominic Ehrmann · 2025 · Die Diabetologie
- Sequential Feature-Based Backdoor Detection in Deep Neural Networks Via Few-Shot Learning于海洋 Yu Haiyang, Hong Mei Fan, Tian XIE, Ping Yi, Futai Zou, Yue Wu · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
- Evaluating Large Language Model Diagnostic Performance on JAMA Clinical Challenges via a Multi-Agent Conversational FrameworkKarl Lee Sangwon, Jeff Zhang, Robert Steele, Jaden Stryker, Jin Ha Lee, Joanne J. Choi, Krithik Vishwanath, Daniel Alexander Alber, Douglas S Kondziolka, Michal A. Mankowski et al. · 2025 · medRxiv
- Development and content validity analysis of artificial intelligence-generated Indonesian language insomnia questionnaire based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third EditionIlham Ikhtiar, Fidiana Fidiana, Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah · 2025 · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice
- Digital Innovations in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Narrative ReviewJustine R. Seivright, Shannon Wongvibulsin, Raveena Ghanshani, Katrina Lee · 2025 · Current Dermatology Reports
- Combining Clinician Expertise with Prompt Engineering enhances Small Language Models Reliability for Cancer Entity Recognition in Electronic Health RecordsFederica Corso, Vittoria Peppoloni, Laura Mazzeo, Giuseppe Leone, Luana Passos, V. Miskovic, Justin Armanini, Alberto Ferrarin, Isabella C. Wiest, Fabian Wolf et al. · 2025 · medRxiv
- Exposing the Security Vulnerabilities of Generative AI: A Comprehensive SurveyDavid DeGirolamo, Anuja A. Sawant, Raj Kundur · 2025
- Evaluation of the accuracy of large language models in answering bone cancer-related questionsQilin Pan, Leiwen Huang, Ning Liu, Feixiang Lin, Shuxi Ye · 2025 · Frontiers in Public Health
- Enhancing the robustness of CNN-based lung cancer detection models against label-flipping poison attacks using defensive distillationAhmeed Yinusa, Misagh Faezipour · 2025 · Array
- Evaluating the Use of Large Language Models to Answer Patient-Facing Clinical Trial QuestionsJack Gallifant, Lizhou Fan, Ziqian Liao · 2025 · JCO oncology advances.
- Memorization Capability of Medical Large Language Models and User Privacy Data Disclosure WillingnessYi Yang, Jiayin Qi · 2025 · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
- Beyond AutonomyPranav Rajaram, Megan E. Lane, Nazanin Andalibi, Oliver L. Haimson, Rachel C. Hooper, Hannes Prescher · 2025 · Annals of Plastic Surgery
- Small-Sized Reasoning Language Models for Linguistic Screening of Alzheimer’s DiseaseVenkatanand ram Addepalli, Nader Abdalnabi, Erich Kummerfeld, Guy C. Hembroff, Andrew M. Kiselica, Praveen Kumar Rao, Knoo Lee · 2026 · medRxiv
- Application and progress of artificial intelligence agents in drug developmentDonghai Zhao, Chang‐Yu Hsieh · 2026 · Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
- MedBioClinicalBERT: Leveraging Diagnosis Prediction for ICD MappingNurul Anis Balqis Iqbal Basheer, Sharifalillah Nordin, Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Azliza Mohd Ali, Nurzeatul Hamimah Abdul Hamid · 2026 · Lecture notes in networks and systems
- Rethinking the InsiderFindlay Whitelaw · 2026 · Lecture notes in networks and systems
- Quality, Reliability, and Readability of AI-Generated Breastfeeding Information: A Comparative Evaluation of Four Large Language ModelsSibel EJDER TEKGÜNDÜZ, Ayşe Gürol, Serap EJDER APAY · 2026 · Research Square
- Comparison of the performance of large language models in answering patient questions related to cataractQing He, Jiayi Shi, Xinyi Liu, Fang Tian, Shaochong Bu, Yuanfeng Jiang · 2026 · iScience
- Performance Characteristics of Reasoning Large Language Models for Evidence Extraction from Clinical Genomics LiteratureMullai Murugan, Bo Yuan, Joshi A. Stephen, Charul Gijavanekar, Shengfeng Xu, Senkottuvelan Kadirvel, E. Andres Rivera-Munoz, Vitor Manuel Cruz Manita, Francisco Delca, Richard A. Gibbs et al. · 2026 · medRxiv
- dataRLsec: Safety, Security, and Reliability With Robust Offline Reinforcement Learning for DPAsShriram KS Pandian, Naresh Kshetri · 2026 · IEEE International Conference on AI in Cybersecurity (ICAIC)
- Securing the LLM Supply Chain: Analyzing Threats and Mitigation StrategiesAtish Kumar Dash · 2026 · IEEE International Conference on AI in Cybersecurity (ICAIC)
- ShalDeepDP: A Survey and Comparison of Data Poisoning in Statistical, Classical Deep Learning and Foundation ModelsJia Yi Chan, Huaqun Guo, Timothy Liu · 2025 · IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI)
- Optimization of University Counseling Consent Forms With Large Language Models: Multidimensional Comparative EvaluationJianchen Luo, Jing Ma, Danni Zhan, Yuhong Zhou, Jiayu Li, Lan Zhang, Wentao Wang · 2026 · Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Automated Extraction and Classification of Medical ClaimsMohamed Chakib Amrani, M’hamed Mataoui, Kadda Beghdad Bey, Adil Imad Eddine Hosni, Hichem Merini, Abdellah Hamouda Sidhoum · 2025 · International Conference on Theoretical and Applicative Aspects of Computer Science (ICTAACS)
- Large Language Models in Healthcare: A Meta-Analysis for Clinical Decision-MakingPavan D. Paikrao, D. G. Bhalke, Meenal Wagh, Sukumar Chougule, Sayali S. Chavan, Chaitali Deshpande, Farhina Anjum Sayyad · 2025 · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Computing, Astronomy and Renewable Energy (AICARE)
- Large Language Models Readability Classification: A Variability Analysis of Sources and MetricsHector Gabriel Corrale de Matos, Jan-Willem A. Wasmann, Thais Catalani Morata, Kátia de Freitas Alvarenga, Lilian Cássia Bornia JACOB · 2026 · medRxiv
- Medical concept understanding in large language models is fragmentedLizong Deng, Luming Chen, Mi Liu · 2026 · medRxiv
- A Cardiac Surgery–Specific Artificial Intelligence Model to Automate Risk Stratification for 30-day Readmissions Using Discharge SummariesDaniel Alexander Alber, Katherine G. Phillips, Eric Karl Oermann · 2026 · Annals of Thoracic Surgery Short Reports
- Quantitative Synthesis of Large Language Model Performance in Medical Reasoning TasksPavan D. Paikrao, Meenal Wagh, Sayali S. Chavan, Sukumar Chougule, Rasika Vishal Wattamwar, Farhina Anjum Sayyad, D. G. Bhalke, Chaitali Deshpande · 2026 · Biennial International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE)
- Large language models in emergency and critical care medicine: a comprehensive review of applications, challenges, and future directionsJie Yang, Suibi Yang, Ziyao Shao, Tianqi Chen, Hongjie Shen, Pengmin Zhou, Boming Xia, Xiong Lei, Lihui Wang, Dong Xue et al. · 2026 · Burns & Trauma
- Whose story wins? LLM-powered chatbots as sites and agents of memory-political contestation and corporate greenwashingNuppu Pelevina, Erkki Mervaala · 2026 · Nordic Journal of Media Studies
- A Survey on Adversarial Security in Brain-Computer InterfacesLu-bin Meng, Yu-di Wang, Fei Luo · 2025 · Journal of Brain-Computer Interface
- Virtual medicine: medical AI in human health and diseasesChen Zhang, Fu-Xiao Wang, Xuan Tang, Ji-Long Li, Ning Ding, Yang Hong, Peiran Song, Long Bai, Jiacan Su · 2026 · Military Medical Research
- Comparative Evaluation of Large Language Models for Patient Education in Interventional OncologyHarrison Blume, Darnell K. A. Williams, Arvind Dev · 2026 · Digestive Disease Interventions
- Misinformation in Social Media Narratives on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Systematic Content Analysis of Facebook and Instagram PostsAhmed Al‐Rawi, Betty Ackah, Abdelrahman Fakida, Kelley Lee · 2026 · Journal of Medical Internet Research
- The Privacy Paradox of LLMs: User Perceptions and the Reality of PII LeakageShuai Cheng, Haitao Xu, Shu Meng, Shuai Hao, Chuan Yue, Zhao Li · 2026 · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Applications and research trends of large language models in healthcare: A bibliometric analysisHakan Öztürk, Elvan Hayat · 2026 · Medical Journal of Western Black Sea
- AI-Powered Pipeline Transforms Neurosurgical Articles Into High-Quality Graphical AbstractsAnton Alyakin, Jaden Stryker, Jin Vivian Lee, Rui Feng, Todd Charles Hollon, Douglas S Kondziolka, Eric Karl Oermann · 2026 · Neurosurgery Open
- Revisiting Backdoor Threat in Federated Instruction Tuning From a Signal Aggregation PerspectiveHaodong Zhao, Jinming Hu, G H Liu · 2026 · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing
- A Zero-Trust, AI-RMF–Governed Architecture for LLM-Enabled Telemedicine-as-a-Service: Mitigating Poisoning, Leakage and Unsafe-Output ThreatsYair Rivera Julio, Angel Pinto Mangones, Nelson A. Pérez-García, Mónica Huerta, César Viloria-Núñez, Frank Ibarra Hernández, Juan Torres Tovio, Horderlin Vrangel Robles Vega, Jorge Enrique De la Rosa Pareja · 2025 · Latin American Computer Conference (CLEI)
- Recent advances in defending the privacy attacks of large language models for healthcare applications: a concise reviewRahma Aroua, Islem Kammoun, Mahmoud Aziz Louati, Donald Adjeroh, Tiehang Duan · 2026 · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
- A Stance Benchmark for Evaluating Value Alignment in LLMs across Sensitive DomainsZhigang Liu, Yuan Gao, Bo Chen, Xiaobing Zhao · 2026 · International Conference on Computer, Artificial Intelligence and Control Engineering (CAICE)
- A workflow utilizing general-purpose large language models for efficient structuring and data mining of bone scintigraphy narrativesWenxin Tang, Jun Zhou, Wenxin Chen, Yunze Xie, Lichao Zhang, Shuting Chen, Xiaoguang Hou, Shuo Wang, H. Z. Shi · 2026 · Scientific Reports
- A temporally Anchored Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Patient Education: An IFSO Artificial Intelligence Task Force Multinational Validation StudyYash Kumar Atri, Thomas Hartvigsen, Yung Lee, Allan Okrainec, Mohammad Kermansaravi, Shahab Shahabi, Silvia Leite, Mary O'Kane, Ricardo Cohen, Thomas H Shin · 2026 · Obesity Surgery
- Application of Large Models in the Diagnosis of Lung DiseasesSun Jing, Senlei Liu, Xiangyong Chen, Chunmei Wang · 2026 · Communications in computer and information science
- Are Existing AI Laws Sufficient to Address Emerging Threats in Healthcare AI? (Preprint)Harpreet Singh Sr, Shweta Rana, Shubhangi Bhadada, Pavan Duggal, Prabudh Goel, Pranshu Bhagat, Satchit Balsari · 2026
- Large models for battery prognostics and health management: A review and future roadmapJiale Liu, Huan Wang, Weicheng Wang, Rong Zhu, Qiqi Wang, Min Xie · 2026 · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
- A Study of Model Poisoning Attacks on Federated Large Language ModelsAmir Faiyaz, Rukayat Olapojoye, Gaurav Karwa, Tara Salman · 2026 · IEEE International Conference on Computing and Machine Intelligence (ICMI)
- Trigger as Entity: Backdoor Attacks to Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation of Large Language ModelsZhirun Zheng, Young‐June Choi, Cheng Huang, Hangcheng Cao, Shujuan Tian, Tingrui Pei · 2026 · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- From AI Agents to AI Scientists in Health: Emerging Landscape, Challenges, and the Path ForwardQ Chen, Xin Wang, Rong Zhou, Hyunjae Kim, Shuai Wang, Weidong Zhao, Tianyu Liu, Irbaz Riaz, Lifang He, Yize Zhao et al. · 2026 · SSRN Electronic Journal
- SoK: A taxonomy of LLM threatsIoannis Stylianou, Panagiotis Bountakas, Apostolis Zarras, Aristeidis Farao, Vaios Bolgouras, Christos Xenakis · 2026 · Computer Science Review
- Ethical Considerations in Personal Health Large Language ModelsJialin Liu, Siru Liu · 2026 · Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Utilizing large language models for early disease identificationS. Sheik Asraf, Nagaraj Palanigurupackiam · 2026 · Elsevier eBooks
- Design principles for integrated AI alignmentBen Y. Reis, William La Cava · 2026 · Patterns
- Robo-Advisors as Product in the Insurance Sector: Considerations Regarding EnforceabilitySzymon Skalski, Piotr Tereszkiewicz · 2025 · Springer eBooks
- Retrieval-augmented generation for medication safety: A case study using drug package insertsYuanyuan Sun, Wei Wang, Wanqiu Cheng, Ronghui Li, Xiang Liu, Qi Pei, Jintao Tang, Guoping Yang · 2026 · International Journal of Medical Informatics
- Topology-Independent Learning Error of the Weighted Mean Under Label Poisoning Attacks in Heterogeneous Decentralized LearningJie Peng, Weiyu Li, Stefan Vlaski, Qing Hua Ling · 2026 · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks
- Research on the Risk Prevention and Control of Data Poisoning in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceBo Long, Zilong Han, Yukun Yue · 2026 · Laws
- Confident but unsupported: auditing large language models against supplied evidence boundaries in drug-induced liver injury assessmentJinwan Shi, Yong Ma, Yinhui Liu, Bowen Shi · 2026 · Frontiers in Public Health
- Artificial intelligence in digital mental health technology: Considerations for regulationSarah Pais, Holly Coole, Janagan Alagarajah, Aislinn Bergin · 2026 · Digital Health
- Evaluating large language models in specialized myopia knowledge and clinical reasoningZhilin Li, Na Xin, Tai Wang, Xiaodong Li, Xiyu Jia · 2026 · Frontiers in Medicine
- Benchmarking large language models for multilingual health information delivery: a mixed-methods data analytics framework applied to vaccine communication in a middle-income settingJazlan Jamaluddin, KY CHONG, J.W. Choong, Megat Mohamad Amirul Amzar Megat Hashim, Shier Nee Saw, Adina Binti Abdullah · 2026 · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics
- Managing Security Risks in AI DeploymentNimra Mudassir, Asim Waris, Adeeb Shehzad · 2026 · Springer eBooks
- Designing Large Language Models That Refuse Unsafe Medication Questions WellGabriel Costa, Lucas Ribeiro, Ricardo Alves, Mariana Lopes · 2026 · Archives of Pharmacy Practice
- Integrated rescue: A narrative review of machine learning in hospitalized patient rescueChristopher B.C. Koo, Vitaly Herasevich, Daniel A. Diedrich, Daniel R. Brown, Brian W. Pickering · 2026 · Intensive Care Science
- SmartMM: A Domain-Specific Large Language Model for Medical MicrobiologyYongqiang Gong, Ruiqi Ma, Xicheng Wang, Ruixi Li, Han Dong, Yijin Liu, Xi Peng, QUANLE GUO, Yin Liu · 2026 · AI
- A Comparative Analysis of Security Vulnerabilities and Defense Mechanisms in Large Language ModelsAbdul Barek, Md. Bajlur Rashid, Abm Kamrul Islam Riad, Guillermo Francia, Coskun Cetinkaya, Hossain Shahriar, Muhammad Umair Khan, Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed · 2026 · IEEE Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)
- Data security in large language models: risks, defense, and directionsKang Chen, Xiuze Zhou, Yuanhui Yu, Yuanguo Lin, Hefeng Chen, Congyu Cai, Li Shen · 2026 · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences
- WFR-Guard: detecting poisoned training patterns via watermark anchors and randomized feature projectionsSana Hameed, Xiaohui Cui, Naveed Imran, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Wadood Abdul · 2026 · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences
- Embracing Large Language Models for Medical Applications, Part II: Building a Framework for Clinical StewardshipShiv Patil, Mert Karabacak, Matthew Southerby, Konstantinos D. Margetis · 2026 · Cureus
- The Role of N-ary Relations in Representing Biomedical ComplexitySofia I. R. Conceição, Francisco M. Couto · 2026 · Methods in molecular biology
- Leakage-Aware Cross-Dataset Evaluation of Prompt Injection Detection Using Classical Machine Learning and Transformer ModelsOğuzhan KİLİM · 2026 · Yalvaç Akademi Dergisi
- Hierarchical multi-label structuring of Japanese SOAP clinical notes with large language modelsZiheng Zhang, Minghui Tang, Feng Han, Hidenori Kitai, Kenji Hirata, Katsuhiko Ogasawara, Satoshi Konno, Kohsuke Kudo · 2026 · Scientific Reports
- Counterfactual incremental defense against poisoning attacksHaofan Wang, Farah I. Kandah · 2026 · Knowledge-Based Systems
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture Knowledge Graph and Intelligent Question Answering by Integrating Improved Text CNN AlgorithmHao Jiang · 2026 · International Conference on Machine Intelligence and Digital Applications (MIDA)
- Reply to Unni et alRavi Patel, Ryan Shirk, Ashish Advani, Indrani Kar, Faria Maisha Munir, Scott D Nelson, Maha Saad, Timothy Dy Aungst · 2026 · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
- Prompt Injection in Clinical Artificial Intelligence Systems: The Emerging Security Challenge of Large Language Models and Agentic AIEthan Waisberg, Joseph W. Guarnieri · 2026 · Annals of Biomedical Engineering
- Artificial intelligence in toxicology: current advances, challenges and future directionsKamil Kuča, Siddhi Otari, Namrata Singh, Monita Gide, Rakesh Somani, Jiří Křenek, Dominik Palla, Eugenie Nepovimová · 2026 · Archives of Toxicology
- Publishing at the Speed of a Moving Target: Generative AI, the Peer-Review Lag, and the Studies the Journal of Endourology Will ValueJin Kyu Kim, Jaime Landman, Chandru P. Sundaram · 2026 · Journal of Endourology
- Closing the Automation Gap in HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening: Independent External Validation of an AI Model for Dual-Stain TriageBernd Lahrmann, Andreas Keil, Felipe Miranda Ruiz, Megan A. Clarke, Didem Egemen, Kiranjit K. Grewal, Finley Grabe, Liam Bartels, Alexandra Krauthoff, Carolann Risley et al. · 2026 · NEJM AI
- Development of an Equity-Centered Sociotechnical Architecture for Generative AI Integration in Public Health Promotion: Conceptual FrameworkZehui Xue, Kang Fu, Yu Zhang, Bing Wu, Jie Wu · 2026 · Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Robustness, Equity, Scalability, and the Challenge of Explainability in the Use of Foundation Models in MedicineArash Shaban‐Nejad, Martin Michalowski, Simone Bianco · 2026 · Studies in computational intelligence
- How patient-operated AI tools are reshaping patient perceptions and the patient-clinician relationship: A narrative reviewDmitry Beylin, Rachel KORNHABER, Michelle L. Cleary · 2026 · Patient Education and Counseling
- Synthetic gatekeeping in health chatbots: configured answer systems as the unit of AI evaluation and governance for medical informationSimona Wójcik, Justyna Domienik‐Karłowicz, Anna Rulkiewicz · 2026 · Frontiers in Digital Health
- Quality and Safety of ChatGPT Responses to Anesthesia-Related Patient Questions: An Expert EvaluationEngin Çetin, Tunahan Cevik · 2026 · Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi
- Comparative assessment of patient education content generated by five large language models on post-stroke complications: A cross-sectional study of safety, accuracy, reliability, readability, and empathyLong-Xian Liu, Huanhuan Wang, Shuang Lu, Guo Yu, Jia-Fen Li, Qing-Hua Lai, Ben Guo, Miao Dong, Lili Zhang, Mei-Xia Ye et al. · 2026 · Digital Health
- Agentic T-STROBE: a front-shifted STROBE paradigm for observational researchChunxin Bo, Ruimin Li, 赵敬华, Shiqing Feng, Xiaokang Ji, Fuzhong Xue · 2026 · Statistics Innovation
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: From Predictive Models to Generative, Multimodal, and Agentic AIIsmail BAYDİLİ, Burak Taşçı, Gülay Taşçı, Şengül Doğan, Türker Tuncer · 2026 · Bioengineering