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Itiner-e: A high-resolution dataset of roads of the Roman Empire

de Soto, Pau, Pažout, Adam, Brughmans, Tom, Vahlstrup, Peter Bjerregaard, Auir, Álvaro, Bongers, Toon, Christoffersen, Jens Emil Bødstrup, Crépy, Maël, Johansen, Mathias Holland, Lewis, Joseph, Manière, Louis, Massa, Michele Rüzgar, Møller, Louise Matilde Harreby, Redon, Bérangère, Renda, Giuseppina, Şahin, Hamdi, Sobotková, Adéla, Spatzek, Amanda Leighton, Verhagen, Philip, Weissova, Barbora·2025·Scientific Data
DOI 10.1038/s41597-025-06140-zPMC PMC12592351
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Abstract

The Roman Empire’s road system was critical for structuring the movement of people, goods and ideas, and sustaining imperial control. Yet, it remains incompletely mapped and poorly integrated across sources despite centuries of research. We present Itiner-e, the most detailed and comprehensive open digital dataset of roads in the entire Roman Empire. It was created by identifying roads from archaeological and historical sources, locating them using modern and historical topographic maps and remote sensing, and digitising them with road segment-level metadata and certainty categories. The dataset nearly doubles the known length of Roman roads through increased coverage and spatial precision, and reveals that the location of only 2.737% are known with certainty. This resource is transformative for understanding how mobility shaped connectivity, administration, and even disease transmission in the ancient world, and for studies of the millennia-long development of terrestrial mobility in the region.

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Authors
de Soto, P., Pažout, A., Brughmans, T., Vahlstrup, P. B., Auir, Á., Bongers, T., Christoffersen, J. E. B., Crépy, M., Johansen, M. H., Lewis, J., Manière, L., Massa, M. R., Møller, L. M. H., Redon, B., Renda, G., Şahin, H., Sobotková, A., Spatzek, A. L., Verhagen, P., & Weissova, B.
Venue
Scientific Data
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-11-06
Volume
12
Issue
1
ISSN
2052-4463
DOI
10.1038/s41597-025-06140-z
PMC
PMC12592351
Cited by
11
References
2
Language
en
Licence

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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