The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The role of city size and urban form in the surface urban heat island
Open accessAbstract
Urban climate is determined by a variety of factors, whose knowledge can help to attenuate heat stress in the context of ongoing urbanization and climate change. We study the influence of city size and urban form on the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Europe and find a complex interplay between UHI intensity and city size, fractality, and anisometry. Due to correlations among these urban factors, interactions in the multi-linear regression need to be taken into account. We find that among the largest 5,000 cities, the UHI intensity increases with the logarithm of the city size and with the fractal dimension, but decreases with the logarithm of the anisometry. Typically, the size has the strongest influence, followed by the compactness, and the smallest is the influence of the degree to which the cities stretch. Accordingly, from the point of view of UHI alleviation, small, disperse, and stretched cities are preferable. However, such recommendations need to be balanced against e.g. positive agglomeration effects of large cities. Therefore, trade-offs must be made regarding local and global aims.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913643 · Cited by 13,316
Oke, T. R. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203407219 · Cited by 5,219
The energetic basis of the urban heat island
Oke, T. R. (1982) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.49710845502 · Cited by 4,670
Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. (2001) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.15.4.143 · Cited by 4,413
More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century
Meehl, G. A., & Tebaldi, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098704 · Cited by 4,322
Arnfield, A. J. (2003) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.859 · Cited by 3,543
Weng, Q., Lu, D., & Schubring, J. (2004) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.005 · Cited by 2,596
City size and the urban heat island
Oke, T. R. (1973) · Atmospheric Environment (1967) · doi:10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6 · Cited by 2,535
Coumou, D., & Rahmstorf, S. (2012) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1452 · Cited by 2,289
Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology
Chao, Y. R., & Zipf, G. K. (1950) · Language · doi:10.2307/409735 · Cited by 2,193
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Lettenmaier, D., Mishra, V., Ganguly, A. & Nijssen, B. Observed Climate Extremes in Global Urban Areas. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 14787 (2014).
- Zupancic, T., Westmacott, C. & Bulthuis, M. The impact of green space on heat and air pollution in urban communities: A meta-narrative systematic review. Tech. Rep. March (2015).
- Sakai, S., Iizawa, I., Onishi, M., Nakamura, M. & Kobayashi, K. Fractal Geometry of the Ground Surface and Urban Heat Island. In Int. Conf. Urban Clim., July, 1–4 (2009).
- Martilli, A. An idealized study of city structure, urban climate, energy consumption, and air quality. Urban Clim. 10, 430–446 (2014). · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.03.003
- Batty, M. & Longley, P. A. Urban shapes as fractals. Area 19, 215–221 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20002475 (1987).
- Batty, M. & Longley, P. A. Fractal-based description of urban form. Environ. Plann. B 14, 123–134 (1987). · doi:10.1068/b140123
- Medalia, A. & Hornik, G. Pattern recognition problems in the study of carbon black. Pattern Recognit. 4, 155–172 (1972). · doi:10.1016/0031-3203(72)90026-x
- Donner, R. V. et al. Spatial patterns of linear and nonparametric long-term trends in Baltic sea-level variability. Nonlinear Proc. Geoph. 19, 95–111 (2012). · doi:10.5194/npg-19-95-2012
Cited by
Disproportionate exposure to urban heat island intensity across major US cities
Hsu, A., Sheriff, G., Chakraborty, T., & Manya, D. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22799-5 · Cited by 846
Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European Functional Urban Areas
Marando, F., Heris, M. P., Zulian, G., Udías, A., Mentaschi, L., Chrysoulakis, N., Parastatidis, D., & Maes, J. (2022) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103564 · Cited by 523
Urban Air Pollution, Urban Heat Island and Human Health: A Review of the Literature
Piracha, A., & Chaudhary, M. T. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159234 · Cited by 403
Understanding an urbanizing planet: Strategic directions for remote sensing
Zhu, Z., Zhou, Y., Seto, K. C., Stokes, E. C., Deng, C., Pickett, S. T. A., & Taubenböck, H. (2019) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.020 · Cited by 398
Beating the urban heat: Situation, background, impacts and the way forward in China
He, B.-J., Wang, J., Zhu, J., & Qi, J. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112350 · Cited by 316
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhou, B., Rybski, D., & Kropp, J. P.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-07-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4791-4791
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2725525241
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 48
- FWCI
- 17.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- Licence
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The role of city size and urban form in the surface urban heat island. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41598-017-04242-2
- The paper
- Zhou, B., Rybski, D., & Kropp, J. P. (2017). The role of city size and urban form in the surface urban heat island. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04242-2
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
