Ethnicity influences the gut microbiota of individuals sharing a geographical location: a cross-sectional study from a middle-income country
Open accessAbstract
No studies have investigated the influence of ethnicity in a multi-ethnic middle-income country with a long-standing history of co-habitation. Stool samples from 214 Malaysian community members (46 Malay, 65 Chinese, 49 Indian, and 54 Jakun) were collected. The gut microbiota of the participants was investigated using 16S amplicon sequencing. Ethnicity exhibited the largest effect size across participants (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 4.24, R 2 = 0.06, p = 0.001). Notably, the influence of ethnicity on the gut microbiota was retained even after controlling for all demographic, dietary factors and other covariates which were significantly associated with the gut microbiome (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 1.67, R 2 = 0.02, p = 0.002). Our result suggested that lifestyle, dietary, and uncharacterized differences collectively drive the gut microbiota variation across ethnicity, making ethnicity a reliable proxy for both identified and unidentified lifestyle and dietary variation across ethnic groups from the same community.
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The human gut contains several discrete, ecologically balanced communities (microbiotypes) that are resilient but can be changed by diet, drugs, and lifestyle.
“The human gut microbiome includes multiple discrete ecologically balanced communities—hereafter referred to as ‘enteric microbiotypes’—that are resilient although still modifiable by diet, drugs and lifestyle47–52.”
From Intestinal microbiota signatures of clinical response and immune-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
Enteric microbiotypes differ by geographical area, as the gut microbiome is influenced by ethnicity and geographical origin.
“Enteric microbiotypes are distinctive of different geographical areas, as the human gut microbiome is affected by ethnicity and geographical origin48,49,52.”
From Intestinal microbiota signatures of clinical response and immune-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
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References 57 · Cited by 161
- Authors
- Dwiyanto, J., Hussain, M. H., Reidpath, D., Ong, K. S., Qasim, A., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, S. M., Foo, S. C., Chong, C. W., & Rahman, S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University Malaysia (MY)
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (BD)
- Corresponding author
- Dwiyanto, Jacky
- Rahman, Sadequr
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-01-29
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2618-2618
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7846579
- OpenAlex
- W3126095956
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 8.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Queen Margaret University Publications Repository (Queen Margaret University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Monash University Malaysia (LG-2017-01-SCI)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, ethnicity, multi-ethnic population, Malaysian population, lifestyle factors, dietary factors, microbial diversity, cohabitation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteria, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Ethnicity, Feces, Female, Humans, Life Style, Malaysia, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult
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