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Walking is regulated by environmental temperature

Obuchi, Shuichi P., Kawai, Hisashi, Garbalosa, Juan C., Nishida, Kazumasa, Murakawa, Kenji·2021·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-91633-1PMC PMC8190034
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Abstract

The mechanisms that regulate human walking are not fully understood, although there has been substantial research. In our study, we hypothesized that, although walking can be volitionally modified, it is also involuntary and controlled by evolutionary factors, such as the relationship between temperature and movement speed in poikilotherms. This study aimed to determine the effects of environmental temperature on speed, step length, and cadence during unrestrained walking over long periods. Customers of a private insurance company were asked to use a background smartphone GPS application that measured walking parameters. Participants were 1065 app users (298 men and 767 women) aged 14–86 years. Observed walking speed and cadence were higher in winter (average maximum temperature: 10.2 °C) than in summer (average maximum temperature: 29.8 °C) (p < 0.001). The walking parameters were closely related to environmental temperature, with cadence most strongly correlated with daily maximum temperature (r = − 0.812, p < 0.001) and indicating a curvilinear relationship. A decrease in environmental temperature was found to increase cadence when the temperature was below 30 °C. The findings suggest that walking may be regulated by environmental temperature and potentially by the autonomic nervous system’s response to environmental temperature.

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  • Weather-related variables such as temperature, humidity, and wind can have a significant effect on travel rates.

    “Additionally, weather-related variables such as temperature, humidity, and wind can have a significant effect on travel rates (Obuchi et al. 2021).”

    From Machine learning estimation of off-trail pedestrian travel rates using LiDAR-derived slope, vegetation, and surface roughness (2026) · cites this paper as Obuchi et al. 2021

    The Results (Table 2) report statistically significant correlations between walking speed and both temperature and humidity. The Methods list the meteorological variables measured but do not include wind, and the study addresses walking speed rather than travel rates generally. The reported correlations also do not establish that those variables caused the changes in speed. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The residual error and approximately 19% of variance left unexplained in cross-validation may be attributable to factors including different fitness levels among study participants, different weather conditions during the experiments, and different altitudes of the study transects.

    “This residual error and the ~ 19% of variance left unexplained in the cross-validation may be attributable to variety of factors, including different fitness levels in the three groups of study participants30, different weather conditions experienced during the three experiments (i.e., August vs. September vs. January)31, and different altitudes of the study transects32.”

    From A singular, broadly-applicable model for estimating on- and off-path walking travel rates using airborne lidar data (2024) · cites this paper as [31]

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Metadata

Authors
Obuchi, S. P., Kawai, H., Garbalosa, J. C., Nishida, K., & Murakawa, K.
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-06-09
Volume
11
Issue
1
ISSN
2045-2322
DOI
10.1038/s41598-021-91633-1
PMC
PMC8190034
Cited by
34
References
2
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20K12751)

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