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Cited by 105Energy Harvesting in Wireless NetworksWireless Body Area NetworksWireless Power Transfer Systems

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Wireless power transfer system for deep-implanted biomedical devices

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Iqbal, Amjad, Sura, Penchala Reddy, Al-Hasan, Muath, Mabrouk, Ismail Ben, Denidni, Tayeb A.·2022·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-18000-6PMC PMC9372142
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Abstract

In this paper, a dual-band implantable rectenna is proposed for recharging and operating biomedical implantable devices at 0.915 and 2.45 GHz. The rectenna system consists of a compact dual-band antenna based on a meandered-resonator as well as efficient dual-band rectifier circuit. Both components (antenna and rectifier) are integrated inside a capsule device to simulate and experimentally validate the rectenna. The antenna occupies lower volume ( $$5 \times 5.25 \times 0.25$$ 5 × 5.25 × 0.25 $$\hbox {mm}^{3}$$ mm 3 ), where compactness is achieved using meandered geometry and a slotted ground plane. It maintains quasi-omnidirectional radiation patterns and peak realized gains of −22.1 dBi (915 MHz) and −19.6 dBi (2.45 GHz); thus, its capability is enhanced to harvest the ambient energy from multiple directions. Moreover, a dual-band rectifier is designed using a dual-branch matching network (an L-matching network and open-circuited stub in each branch) with a radio frequency (RF) to direct current (DC) conversion efficiency of 79.9% for the input power of 1 dBm (lower band: 0.915 GHz) and 72.8% for the input power of 3 dBm (upper band: 2.45 GHz). To validate the concept of the rectenna, the implantable antenna and rectifier are fabricated and attached together inside a capsule device, with the measured results verifying the simulated responses. The proposed rectenna efficiently rectifies two RF signals and effectively superimposes on a single load, thus, providing a distinct advantage compared to single-band rectennas. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first-ever implantable rectenna to perform dual-band RF signal rectification.

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Figure 1 Generalized wireless power transfer (WPT) system for deep-implanted biomedical devices.
Figure 1 Generalized wireless power transfer (WPT) system for deep-implanted biomedical devices.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Dual-band rectifier (a) proposed topology (Ca1 = Ca2 18 pF and RL = 10 KΩ), and (b) matching network (L1l = 23 nH, L2l = 40 nH, L1u=4.3 nH and L2u=0.2 nH).
Figure 2 Dual-band rectifier (a) proposed topology (Ca1 = Ca2 18 pF and RL = 10 KΩ), and (b) matching network (L1l = 23 nH, L2l = 40 nH, L1u=4.3 nH and L2u=0.2 nH).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 S11 (measured and simulated) of the dual-band rectifier.
Figure 3 S11 (measured and simulated) of the dual-band rectifier.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 RF-to-DC efficiency at different input powers (0 dBm, −10 dBm, −15 dBm) against operating frequency.
Figure 4 RF-to-DC efficiency at different input powers (0 dBm, −10 dBm, −15 dBm) against operating frequency.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 RF-to-DC efficiency at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz when the load resistance is 10 KΩ.
Figure 5 RF-to-DC efficiency at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz when the load resistance is 10 KΩ.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 RF-to-DC efficiency at different load resistances. (a) At 915 MHz. (b) At 2.45 GHz.
Figure 6 RF-to-DC efficiency at different load resistances. (a) At 915 MHz. (b) At 2.45 GHz.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 (a) Geometry of the proposed dual-band implantable antenna. (b) Deep-body device architecture.
Figure 7 (a) Geometry of the proposed dual-band implantable antenna. (b) Deep-body device architecture.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Design iterations of the dual-band implantable antenna.
Figure 8 Design iterations of the dual-band implantable antenna.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Reflection coefficients of the dual-band implantable antenna in design iterations.
Figure 9 Reflection coefficients of the dual-band implantable antenna in design iterations.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Reflection coefficient measurement setup of the proposed antenna.
Figure 10 Reflection coefficient measurement setup of the proposed antenna.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the implantable antenna.
Figure 11 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the implantable antenna.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Radiation patterns of the antenna at (a) 915 MHz and (b) 2.45 GHz.
Figure 12 Radiation patterns of the antenna at (a) 915 MHz and (b) 2.45 GHz.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 (a) Schematic diagram of WPT transmitter, and (b) Wireless powering setup of the implant (d=60 mm).
Figure 13 (a) Schematic diagram of WPT transmitter, and (b) Wireless powering setup of the implant (d=60 mm).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the WPT transmitter.
Figure 14 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the WPT transmitter.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 15 Transmission coefficient (S21) of the WPT system with and without the matching layer (ML).
Figure 15 Transmission coefficient (S21) of the WPT system with and without the matching layer (ML).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 16 Measurement setup of the rectenna. An RF signal generator is used to source the WPT Tx and output (in terms of voltage) of the rectenna is observed using DMM.
Figure 16 Measurement setup of the rectenna. An RF signal generator is used to source the WPT Tx and output (in terms of voltage) of the rectenna is observed using DMM.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 17 Specific absorption rate of the WPT system at (a) 0.915 GHz, and (b) 2.45 GHz.
Figure 17 Specific absorption rate of the WPT system at (a) 0.915 GHz, and (b) 2.45 GHz.CC BY · PubMed Central

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References 39 · Cited by 105

Research works printed but not linked: 41

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Metadata

Authors
Iqbal, A., Sura, P. R., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. A.
Affiliations
  • Al Ain University (AE)
  • Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (CA)
  • Durham University (GB)
Corresponding author
Iqbal, Amjad
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-08-11
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
13689-13689
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-022-18000-6
PMC
PMC9372142
OpenAlex
W4291608066
Cited by
105
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 1
FWCI
5.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Department of Education and Knowledge (AARE19-245)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Keywords
wireless power transfer, dual-band rectifier, slotted ground plane, RF-to-DC conversion efficiency, 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, ambient energy harvesting
MeSH terms
Electricity, Equipment Design, Radio Waves, Prostheses and Implants, Wireless Technology

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Wireless power transfer system for deep-implanted biomedical devices. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41598-022-18000-6
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Iqbal, A., Sura, P. R., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., & Denidni, T. A. (2022). Wireless power transfer system for deep-implanted biomedical devices. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18000-6