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Cited by 85Geotechnical Engineering and Soil StabilizationConcrete and Cement Materials ResearchRecycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production

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Evaluation of calcium carbide residue and fly ash as sustainable binders for environmentally friendly loess soil stabilization

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Julphunthong, Phongthorn, Joyklad, Panuwat, Manprom, Papantasorn, Chompoorat, Thanakorn, Palou, Martin-Tchingnabé, Suriwong, Tawat·2024·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-51326-xPMC PMC10770180
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Abstract

The incorporation of waste materials into cementitious binders serves as a strategy to diminish waste volume and lower carbon emissions. This study presents an in-depth evaluation of calcium carbide residue and coal fly ash as alternative binders. The assessment of raw materials emphasized their chemical composition and potential for pozzolanic reactions. Based on these factors, the optimal ratio of Ca/(SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ) in the raw materials was determined to be 1.5. Therefore, this study was designed to vary the raw material composition with a CaO/(SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ) ratio ranging from 1.7 to 0.9. Upon investigating the effect of the raw material proportion on the compressive strength of pastes and mortars, the composition yielding the highest compressive strength was selected for its potential application as a stabilizer for loess soil. A mixture of calcium carbide residue and coal fly ash with a Ca/(SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ) ratio of 1.5 resulted in the highest compressive strength at long curing periods in both pastes and mortars. Mineralogical and microstructural analyses revealed several products, beyond those formed from the pozzolanic reactions, that occurred and enhanced the compressive strength of samples. The highest performing mixture of carbide residue and coal fly ash was then used to stabilize loess soil at 10–25 wt%. The unconfined compressive strength, along with mass and strength loss due to wetting and drying cycles, was also studied. It was observed that the unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized soils remained consistent after six wet-dry cycles but decreased after twelve cycles due to microcracks. The findings suggest that carefully designed mixtures based on the chemical interactions of calcium carbide residue and coal fly ash can offer a sustainable, efficient approach for soil stabilization, potentially revolutionizing construction practices.

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-024-51326-x

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Figure 1 (a) TGA-DTG and (b) XRD patterns of CCR (inset: SEM image of CCR).
Figure 1 (a) TGA-DTG and (b) XRD patterns of CCR (inset: SEM image of CCR).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 (a) XRD patterns and (b) SEM image of FA.
Figure 2 (a) XRD patterns and (b) SEM image of FA.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 (a) XRD patterns and (b) SEM image of loess.
Figure 3 (a) XRD patterns and (b) SEM image of loess.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 (a) Preparation processes for stabilized soils and the testing for UCS and (b) Testing program for mass loss and strength loss of stabilized soils under wetting and drying processes.
Figure 4 (a) Preparation processes for stabilized soils and the testing for UCS and (b) Testing program for mass loss and strength loss of stabilized soils under wetting and drying processes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Age-dependent compressive strength development of paste.
Figure 5 Age-dependent compressive strength development of paste.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Age-dependent compressive strength development of mortar.
Figure 6 Age-dependent compressive strength development of mortar.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Relative Compressive strength of mortar.
Figure 7 Relative Compressive strength of mortar.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 TGA-DTA curves of C-1.5 paste after 56 days of curing.
Figure 8 TGA-DTA curves of C-1.5 paste after 56 days of curing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 XRD Patterns of CCR-FA pastes with different compositions.
Figure 9 XRD Patterns of CCR-FA pastes with different compositions.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 SEM morphology of CCR–FA pastes with different CaO(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratios.
Figure 10 SEM morphology of CCR–FA pastes with different CaO(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratios.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis on CCR-FA pastes.
Figure 11 Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis on CCR-FA pastes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 The correlation between the UCS and the fraction of stabilizer under different curing ages.
Figure 12 The correlation between the UCS and the fraction of stabilizer under different curing ages.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Variation in mass resulting from wet-dry cycles of stabilized soil with cured at 28 days before testing.
Figure 13 Variation in mass resulting from wet-dry cycles of stabilized soil with cured at 28 days before testing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 Variation in mass resulting from wet-dry cycles of stabilized soil with cured at 56 days before testing.
Figure 14 Variation in mass resulting from wet-dry cycles of stabilized soil with cured at 56 days before testing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 15 The UCS stabilized soil after wetting and drying processes.
Figure 15 The UCS stabilized soil after wetting and drying processes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 16 Relative compressive strength of stabilized soil after wetting and drying processes.
Figure 16 Relative compressive strength of stabilized soil after wetting and drying processes.CC BY · PubMed Central

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References 44 · Cited by 85

Research works printed but not linked: 44

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Metadata

Authors
Julphunthong, P., Joyklad, P., Manprom, P., Chompoorat, T., Palou, M.-T., & Suriwong, T.
Affiliations
  • Naresuan University (TH)
  • Srinakharinwirot University (TH)
  • University of Phayao (TH)
  • Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)
Corresponding author
Suriwong, Tawat
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-01-05
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
671-671
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-024-51326-x
PMC
PMC10770180
OpenAlex
W4390618382
Cited by
85
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 14
FWCI
13.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • Naresuan University through Global Frontier Research program (R2567C001)
  • Srinakharinwirot University research grant (599/2564)
  • Naresuan University (NU) and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (R2567B001)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
Keywords
calcium carbide residue, coal fly ash, pozzolanic reaction, waste binders, compressive strength, wetting-drying cycles, microcracking, sustainable construction materials, cementitious binders

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evaluation of calcium carbide residue and fly ash as sustainable binders for environmentally friendly loess soil stabilization. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41598-024-51326-x
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Julphunthong, P., Joyklad, P., Manprom, P., Chompoorat, T., Palou, M.-T., & Suriwong, T. (2024). Evaluation of calcium carbide residue and fly ash as sustainable binders for environmentally friendly loess soil stabilization. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51326-x