CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 9Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesEpilepsy research and treatmentTraumatic Brain Injury Research

Transcriptomic alterations in cortical astrocytes following the development of post-traumatic epilepsy

Open access
Leonard, John, Wei, Xiaoran, Browning, Jack, Gudenschwager-Basso, Erwin Kristobal, Li, Jiangtao, Harris, Elizabeth A., Olsen, Michelle L., Theus, Michelle H.·2024·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-58904-zPMC PMC11006850

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) stands as one of the numerous debilitating consequences that follow traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite its impact on many individuals, the current landscape offers only a limited array of reliable treatment options, and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and susceptibility factors remains incomplete. Among the potential contributors to epileptogenesis, astrocytes, a type of glial cell, have garnered substantial attention as they are believed to promote hyperexcitability and the development of seizures in the brain following TBI. The current study evaluated the transcriptomic changes in cortical astrocytes derived from animals that developed seizures as a result of severe focal TBI. Using RNA-Seq and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), we unveil a distinct gene expression profile in astrocytes, including alterations in genes supporting inflammation, early response modifiers, and neuropeptide-amidating enzymes. The findings underscore the complex molecular dynamics in astrocytes during PTE development, offering insights into therapeutic targets and avenues for further exploration.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-024-58904-z

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • This astrocyte subcluster was enriched for genes involved in extracellular matrix organization, metabolic support, and inflammatory modulation.

    “This subcluster was enriched for genes involved in extracellular matrix organization [102, 135, 136], metabolic support [135, 137], and inflammatory modulation [138–141].”

    From Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [139]

    The Discussion reports changes in astrocyte genes related to respiration and iron homeostasis, which provides limited support for a metabolic component. But the Methods describe RNA sequencing of isolated astrocytes, and the Discussion says single-cell analysis of astrocyte subtypes remains for future work. Our copy does not establish enrichment for extracellular-matrix organization or metabolic-support genes in the cited subcluster; the sentence’s inflammatory-modulation clause cites other sources. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 71

  1. [1]Capizzi A Woo J Verduzco-Gutierrez M Traumatic brain injury: An overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and medical management Med. Clin. N. Am. 2020 104 2 213 238 10.1016/j.mcna.2019.11.001 32035565 · DOI
  2. [2]Galgano M Toshkezi G Qiu X Russell T Chin L Zhao LR Traumatic brain injury: Current treatment strategies and future endeavors Cell Transpl. 2017 26 7 1118 1130 10.1177/0963689717714102 PMC5657730 28933211 · DOI
  3. [3]Agrawal A Timothy J Pandit L Manju M Post-traumatic epilepsy: An overview Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2006 108 5 433 439 10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.09.001 16225987 · DOI
  4. [4]Bolkvadze T Pitkänen A Development of post-traumatic epilepsy after controlled cortical impact and lateral fluid-percussion-induced brain injury in the mouse J. Neurotrauma 2012 29 5 789 812 10.1089/neu.2011.1954 22023672 · DOI
  5. [5]Frey LC Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: A critical review Epilepsia 2003 44 s10 11 17 10.1046/j.1528-1157.44.s10.4.x 14511389 · DOI
  6. [6]Ngadimon IW Aledo-Serrano A Arulsamy A Mohan D Khoo CS Cheong WL Shaikh MF An interplay between post-traumatic epilepsy and associated cognitive decline: A systematic review Front. Neurol. 2022 13 827571 10.3389/fneur.2022.827571 35280285 PMC8908100 · DOI
  7. [7]Wang DD Bordey A The astrocyte odyssey Prog. Neurobiol. 2008 86 4 342 367 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015 18948166 PMC2613184 · DOI
  8. [8]Verellen RM Cavazos JE Post-traumatic epilepsy: An overview Therapy 2010 7 5 527 531 10.2217/thy.10.57 24761136 PMC3992621 · DOI
  9. [9]Burda JE Bernstein AM Sofroniew MV Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury Exp. Neurol. 2016 275 Pt 3 305 315 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.020 25828533 PMC4586307 · DOI
  10. [10]Binder DK Steinhäuser C Astrocytes and epilepsy Neurochem. Res. 2021 46 10 2687 2695 10.1007/s11064-021-03236-x 33661442 · DOI
  11. [11]Çarçak N Onat F Sitnikova E Astrocytes as a target for therapeutic strategies in epilepsy: Current insights Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2023 16 1183775 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1183775 37583518 PMC10423940 · DOI
  12. [12]Coulter DA Steinhäuser C Role of astrocytes in epilepsy Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2015 5 3 a022434 10.1101/cshperspect.a022434 25732035 PMC4355248 · DOI
  13. [13]Gudenschwager-Basso EK Shandra O Volanth T Patel DC Kelly C Browning JL Atypical neurogenesis, astrogliosis, and excessive hilar interneuron loss are associated with the development of post-traumatic epilepsy Cells 2023 10.3390/cells12091248 37174647 PMC10177146 · DOI
  14. [14]Pustina D Doucet G Skidmore C Sperling M Tracy J Contralateral interictal spikes are related to tapetum damage in left temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsia 2014 55 9 1406 1414 10.1111/epi.12721 25041176 PMC4167250 · DOI
  15. [15]Yien YY Robledo RF Schultz IJ Takahashi-Makise N Gwynn B Bauer DE TMEM14C is required for erythroid mitochondrial heme metabolism J. Clin. Invest. 2014 124 10 4294 4304 10.1172/JCI76979 25157825 PMC4191016 · DOI
  16. [16]Farhy-Tselnicker I Boisvert MM Liu H Dowling C Erikson GA Blanco-Suarez E Activity-dependent modulation of synapse-regulating genes in astrocytes Elife 2021 10.7554/eLife.70514 34494546 PMC8497060 · DOI
  17. [17]Binder DK Astrocytes: Stars of the sacred disease Epilepsy. Curr. 2018 18 3 172 179 10.5698/1535-7597.18.3.172 29950942 PMC6017684 · DOI
  18. [18]Sofroniew MV Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation Trends Neurosci. 2009 32 12 638 647 10.1016/j.tins.2009.08.002 19782411 PMC2787735 · DOI · Paper page
  19. [19]Zamanian JL Xu L Foo LC Nouri N Zhou L Giffard RG Barres BA Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis J. Neurosci. 2012 32 18 6391 6410 10.1523/jneurosci.6221-11.2012 22553043 PMC3480225 · DOI · Paper page
  20. [20]Bordey A Sontheimer H Properties of human glial cells associated with epileptic seizure foci Epilepsy Res. 1998 32 1–2 286 303 10.1016/s0920-1211(98)00059-x 9761328 · DOI
  21. [21]Conte V Royo NC Shimizu S Saatman KE Watson DJ Graham DI Neurotrophic factors: Pathophysiology and therapeutic applications in traumatic brain injury Eur. J. Trauma 2003 29 335 355 10.1007/s00068-003-1335-z · DOI
  22. [22]Wei L Zhang J Zhang B Geng J Tan Q Wang L Complement C3 participates in the function and mechanism of traumatic brain injury at simulated high altitude Brain Res. 2020 1726 146423 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146423 31654641 · DOI
  23. [23]Karve IP Taylor JM Crack PJ The contribution of astrocytes and microglia to traumatic brain injury Br. J. Pharmacol. 2016 173 4 692 702 10.1111/bph.13125 25752446 PMC4742296 · DOI
  24. [24]Hosie AM Dunne EL Harvey RJ Smart TG Zinc-mediated inhibition of GABA(A) receptors: Discrete binding sites underlie subtype specificity Nat. Neurosci. 2003 6 4 362 369 10.1038/nn1030 12640458 · DOI
  25. [25]Wolinski P Ksiazek-Winiarek D Glabinski A Cytokines and neurodegeneration in epileptogenesis Brain Sci. 2022 10.3390/brainsci12030380 35326336 PMC8945903 · DOI
  26. [26]Mao LY Ding J Peng WF Ma Y Zhang YH Fan W Wang X Interictal interleukin-17A levels are elevated and correlate with seizure severity of epilepsy patients Epilepsia 2013 54 9 e142 e145 10.1111/epi.12337 23944193 · DOI
  27. [27]Alapirtti T Lehtimaki K Nieminen R Makinen R Raitanen J Moilanen E The production of IL-6 in acute epileptic seizure: A video-EEG study J. Neuroimmunol. 2018 316 50 55 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.008 29273305 · DOI
  28. [28]Patel DC Wallis G Dahle EJ McElroy PB Thomson KE Tesi RJ Hippocampal TNFalpha signaling contributes to seizure generation in an infection-induced mouse model of limbic epilepsy eNeuro 2017 10.1523/ENEURO.0105-17.2017 28497109 PMC5422919 · DOI
  29. [29]Bousquet-Moore D Mains RE Eipper BA Peptidylgycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase and copper: A gene-nutrient interaction critical to nervous system function J. Neurosci. Res. 2010 88 12 2535 2545 10.1002/jnr.22404 20648645 PMC3732055 · DOI · Paper page
  30. [30]Robinson SL Thiele TE The role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in alcohol and drug abuse disorders Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2017 136 177 197 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.005 29056151 · DOI · Paper page
  31. [32]Klein RS Fricker LD Cultured astrocytes express mRNA for peptidylglycine-alpha-amidating monooxygenase, a neuropeptide processing enzyme Brain Res. 1992 596 1–2 202 208 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91548-s 1467983 · DOI
  32. [33]Mahata SK Gruber B Mahata M Röder C Fischer-Colbrie R Sperk G Kainic acid seizures in the rat: Differential expression of chromogranin A, carboxypeptidase H and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxigenase in subfields of the hippocampal formation Acta Neuropathol. 1993 86 6 590 595 10.1007/bf00294297 8310814 · DOI
  33. [34]Wickham J Ledri M Bengzon J Jespersen B Pinborg LH Englund E Inhibition of epileptiform activity by neuropeptide Y in brain tissue from drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients Sci. Rep. 2019 9 1 19393 10.1038/s41598-019-56062-1 31852985 PMC6920462 · DOI
  34. [35]Deschepper CF Peptide receptors on astrocytes Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1998 19 1 20 46 10.1006/frne.1997.0161 9465288 · DOI
  35. [36]Villa E Paul R Meynet O Volturo S Pinna G Ricci JE The E3 ligase UBR2 regulates cell death under caspase deficiency via Erk/MAPK pathway Cell Death Dis. 2020 11 12 1041 10.1038/s41419-020-03258-3 33288741 PMC7721896 · DOI
  36. [37]Vilariño-Güell C Zimprich A Martinelli-Boneschi F Herculano B Wang Z Matesanz F Exome sequencing in multiple sclerosis families identifies 12 candidate genes and nominates biological pathways for the genesis of disease PLoS Genet. 2019 15 6 e1008180 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008180 31170158 PMC6553700 · DOI
  37. [38]Li C Beauregard-Lacroix E Kondratev C Rousseau J Heo AJ Neas K UBR7 functions with UBR5 in the Notch signaling pathway and is involved in a neurodevelopmental syndrome with epilepsy, ptosis, and hypothyroidism Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2021 108 1 134 147 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.11.018 33340455 PMC7820726 · DOI
  38. [39]Mardones MD Gupta K Transcriptome profiling of the hippocampal seizure network implicates a role for Wnt signaling during epileptogenesis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 10.3390/ijms231912030 36233336 PMC9569502 · DOI
  39. [40]Zweier M Begemann A McWalter K Cho MT Abela L Banka S Spatially clustering de novo variants in CYFIP2, encoding the cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2, cause intellectual disability and seizures Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2019 27 5 747 759 10.1038/s41431-018-0331-z 30664714 PMC6461771 · DOI · Paper page
  40. [41]Guo H Zhang Q Dai R Yu B Hoekzema K Tan J NCKAP1 disruptive variants lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder with core features of autism Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2020 107 5 963 976 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.10.002 33157009 PMC7674997 · DOI · Paper page
  41. [43]Guzik-Kornacka A Sliwa A Plucinska G Lukasiuk K Status epilepticus evokes prolonged increase in the expression of CCL3 and CCL4 mRNA and protein in the rat brain Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars). 2011 71 2 193 207 10.55782/ane-2011-1840 21731074 · DOI
  42. [44]Kan AA van der Hel WS Kolk SM Bos IW Verlinde SA van Nieuwenhuizen O de Graan PN Prolonged increase in rat hippocampal chemokine signalling after status epilepticus J. Neuroimmunol. 2012 245 1–2 15 22 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.01.012 22353418 · DOI
  43. [45]Amada N Yamasaki Y Williams CM Whalley BJ Cannabidivarin (CBDV) suppresses pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced increases in epilepsy-related gene expression PeerJ. 2013 1 e214 10.7717/peerj.214 24282673 PMC3840466 · DOI
  44. [46]Aulická S Česká K Šána J Siegl F Brichtová E Ošlejšková H Cytokine-chemokine profiles in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis Epilepsy Res. 2022 180 106858 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106858 35026708 · DOI
  45. [47]Chang TT Chen JW Emerging role of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 related mechanisms in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: friends or foes? Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2016 15 1 117 10.1186/s12933-016-0439-9 27553774 PMC4995753 · DOI
  46. [48]Parekh NJ Krouse TE Reider IE Hobbs RP Ward BM Norbury CC Type I interferon-dependent CCL4 is induced by a cGAS/STING pathway that bypasses viral inhibition and protects infected tissue, independent of viral burden PLoS Pathog. 2019 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007778 31603920 PMC6808495 · DOI
  47. [49]Manome Y Datta R Fine HA Early response gene induction following DNA damage in astrocytoma cell lines Biochem. Pharmacol. 1993 45 8 1677 1684 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90309-k 8484806 · DOI
  48. [50]Arenander A de Vellis J Early response gene induction in astrocytes as a mechanism for encoding and integrating neuronal signals Prog. Brain Res. 1992 94 177 188 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61749-5 1363139 · DOI
  49. [51]Groves A Kihara Y Jonnalagadda D Rivera R Kennedy G Mayford M Chun J A functionally defined in vivo astrocyte population identified by c-Fos activation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis modulated by S1P signaling: Immediate-early astrocytes (ieAstrocytes) eNeuro 2018 10.1523/ENEURO.0239-18.2018 30255127 PMC6153337 · DOI
  50. [52]Schlabitz S Monni L Ragot A Dipper-Wawra M Onken J Holtkamp M Fidzinski P Spatiotemporal correlation of epileptiform activity and gene expression in vitro Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2021 14 643763 10.3389/fnmol.2021.643763 33859552 PMC8042243 · DOI
  51. [53]Cruz-Mendoza F Jauregui-Huerta F Aguilar-Delgadillo A García-Estrada J Luquin S Immediate early gene c-fos in the Brain: Focus on glial cells Brain Sci. 2022 10.3390/brainsci12060687 35741573 PMC9221432 · DOI
  52. [54]Wu BY Yu AC Quercetin inhibits c-fos, heat shock protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in injured astrocytes J Neurosci Res. 2000 62 5 730 736 10.1002/1097-4547(20001201)62:5<730::Aid-jnr13>3.0.Co;2-k 11104512 · DOI
  53. [55]Kiessling M Gass P Immediate early gene expression in experimental epilepsy Brain Pathol. 1993 3 4 381 393 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00766.x 8293194 · DOI
  54. [56]Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE Verstuyft C Kroemer HK Becquemont L Kim RB Human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1/SLC47A1) transporter: Functional characterization, interaction with OCT2 (SLC22A2), and single nucleotide polymorphisms Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 2010 298 4 F997 f1005 10.1152/ajprenal.00431.2009 20053795 · DOI
  55. [57]Sweet DH Organic cation transporter expression and function in the CNS Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2021 266 41 80 10.1007/164_2021_463 33963461 · DOI
  56. [58]Tiwari R Pandey SK Goel S Bhatia V Shukla S Jing X SPINK1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by downregulating Metallothioneins expression Oncogenesis 2015 4 8 e162 10.1038/oncsis.2015.23 26258891 PMC4632074 · DOI
  57. [59]Kitagishi Y Matsuda S Diets involved in PPAR and PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway may contribute to neuroprotection in a traumatic brain injury Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013 5 5 42 10.1186/alzrt208 24074163 PMC3978568 · DOI
  58. [60]Han T Qin Y Mou C Wang M Jiang M Liu B Seizure induced synaptic plasticity alteration in hippocampus is mediated by IL-1β receptor through PI3K/Akt pathway Am. J. Transl. Res. 2016 8 10 4499 4509 27830035 PMC5095344
  59. [61]Shi SX Li YJ Shi K Wood K Ducruet AF Liu Q IL (Interleukin)-15 bridges astrocyte-microglia crosstalk and exacerbates brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage Stroke 2020 51 3 967 974 10.1161/strokeaha.119.028638 32019481 · DOI
  60. [62]Li M Li Z Yao Y Jin WN Wood K Liu Q Astrocyte-derived interleukin-15 exacerbates ischemic brain injury via propagation of cellular immunity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2017 114 3 E396 e405 10.1073/pnas.1612930114 27994144 PMC5255606 · DOI
  61. [63]Yue JK Kobeissy FH Jain S Sun X Phelps RRL Korley FK Neuroinflammatory biomarkers for traumatic brain injury diagnosis and prognosis: A TRACK-TBI pilot study Neurotrauma Rep. 2023 4 1 171 183 10.1089/neur.2022.0060 36974122 PMC10039275 · DOI
  62. [64]Zheng RZ Xing J Huang Q Yang XT Zhao CY Li XY Integration of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data reveals key cell types and regulators in traumatic brain injury Math. Biosci. Eng. 2021 18 2 1201 1214 10.3934/mbe.2021065 33757183 · DOI
  63. [65]Bolte AC Shapiro DA Dutta AB Ma WF Bruch KR Kovacs MA The meningeal transcriptional response to traumatic brain injury and aging Elife. 2023 10.7554/eLife.81154 36594818 PMC9810333 · DOI
  64. [66]Xing J Ren L Xu H Zhao L Wang ZH Hu GD Wei ZL Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cellular and transcriptional changes associated with traumatic brain injury Front Genet. 2022 13 861428 10.3389/fgene.2022.861428 35846152 PMC9282873 · DOI
  65. [67]Kowalski L Monocyte proinflammatory phenotypic control by ephrin type A receptor 4 mediates neural tissue damage JCI Insight 2022 7 15 e156319 10.1172/jci.insight.156319 35737458 PMC9462496 · DOI
  66. [68]Soliman E Leonard J Basso EKG Gershenson I Ju J Mills J Efferocytosis is restricted by axon guidance molecule EphA4 via ERK/Stat6/MERTK signaling following brain injury J. Neuroinflamm. 2023 20 1 256 10.1186/s12974-023-02940-5 PMC10633953 37941008 · DOI
  67. [69]Patel DC Thompson EG Sontheimer H Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits the function of cation-chloride cotransporter in a mouse model of viral infection-induced epilepsy Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2022 10 961292 10.3389/fcell.2022.961292 35874836 PMC9304572 · DOI
  68. [70]Holt LM Olsen ML Novel applications of magnetic cell sorting to analyze cell-type specific gene and protein expression in the central nervous system PLoS One. 2016 11 2 e0150290 10.1371/journal.pone.0150290 26919701 PMC4769085 · DOI
  69. [71]Holt LM Hernandez RD Pacheco NL Torres Ceja B Hossain M Olsen ML Astrocyte morphogenesis is dependent on BDNF signaling via astrocytic TrkB.T1 Elife 2019 10.7554/eLife.44667 31433295 PMC6726422 · DOI
  70. [72]Holt LM Stoyanof ST Olsen ML Magnetic cell sorting for in vivo and in vitro astrocyte, neuron, and microglia analysis Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 2019 88 1 e71 10.1002/cpns.71 31216394 PMC6653683 · DOI
  71. [73]Okyere B Mills WA 3rd Wang X Chen M Chen J Hazy A EphA4/Tie2 crosstalk regulates leptomeningeal collateral remodeling following ischemic stroke J Clin Invest. 2020 130 2 1024 1035 10.1172/jci131493 31689239 PMC6994159 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Leonard, J., Wei, X., Browning, J., Gudenschwager-Basso, E. K., Li, J., Harris, E. A., Olsen, M. L., & Theus, M. H.
Affiliations
Virginia Tech (US)
Corresponding author
Theus, Michelle H.
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-04-10
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
8367-8367
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-024-58904-z
PMC
PMC11006850
OpenAlex
W4394689843
Cited by
9
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 9
FWCI
2.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1520069, W81XWH)
  • Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (W81XWH-15-2-0069)
  • U.S. Army (W81XWH)
  • Medical Research and Materiel Command
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords
post-traumatic epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, cortical astrocytes, epileptogenesis, gene expression profiling, astrocyte transcriptome, neuroinflammation, neuropeptide processing, early response genes, therapeutic target
MeSH terms
Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Animals, Astrocytes, Disease Models, Animal, Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic, Humans, Seizures, Gene Expression Profiling, Transcriptome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review