Multi-tier computing networks for intelligent IoT

Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities

Chiang, M., & Zhang, T. (2016) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2016.2584538 · Cited by 2,362

Fog Orchestration for Internet of Things Services

Wen, Z., Yang, R., Garraghan, P., Lin, T., Xu, J., & Rovatsos, M. (2017) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2017.36 · Cited by 339

Architectural Imperatives for Fog Computing: Use Cases, Requirements, and Architectural Techniques for Fog-Enabled IoT Networks

Byers, C. C. (2017) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1600885 · Cited by 194

MEETS: Maximal Energy Efficient Task Scheduling in Homogeneous Fog Networks

Yang, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, G., Chen, X., Luo, X., & Zhou, M. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2846644 · Cited by 190

DEBTS: Delay Energy Balanced Task Scheduling in Homogeneous Fog Networks

Yang, Y., Zhao, S., Zhang, W., Chen, Y., Luo, X., & Wang, J. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2823000 · Cited by 164

Fog as a Service Technology

Chen, N., Yang, Y., Zhang, T., Zhou, M., Luo, X., & Zao, J. K.-K. (2018) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1700465 · Cited by 86

FEMOS: Fog-Enabled Multitier Operations Scheduling in Dynamic Wireless Networks

Zhao, S., Yang, Y., Shao, Z., Yang, X., Qian, H. L., & Wang, C. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2808280 · Cited by 71

RAMTEL: Robust Acoustic Motion Tracking Using Extreme Learning Machine for Smart Cities

Liu, Y., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Fang, W., Qin, F., & Dai, X. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2903211 · Cited by 11

Task Offloading in NOMA-Based Fog Computing Networks: A Deep Q-Learning Approach

Wang, K., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Yuan, X., & Luo, X. (2019) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013841 · Cited by 11

Self‐Powered Room‐Temperature High‐Sensitivity Acetone Gas Sensing System

Zhang, Z., Gu, G., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Gu, G., Zhang, W., Cheng, G., & Du, Z. (2022) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.202201273 · Cited by 10

Green HERO: Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Federated Learning with Client Association in Industrial IoT

Gong, C., Ma, M., Zeng, L., Yang, Y., & Wu, L. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Magazine · doi:10.1109/iotm.001.2400033 · Cited by 9

Trustworthiness assessment for industrial IoT as multilayer networks with von Neumann entropy

Wu, X., Wang, J., Wang, P., Bian, Z., Huang, T., Guo, Y., & Fujita, H. (2021) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107342 · Cited by 9

Inverse-GMM: A Latency Distribution Shaping Method for Industrial Cooperative Deep Learning Systems

Qin, F., Xiao, Y., Sun, X., Dai, X., Zhang, W., & Shen, F. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3229448 · Cited by 8

OCDST: Offloading Chained DNNs for Streaming Tasks

Gao, G., Wu, L., Shao, Z., Yang, Y., & Lin, Z. (2021) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685971 · Cited by 8

MotiLearn: Contract-Based Incentive Mechanism for Heterogeneous Edge Collaborative Training

Wang, Q., Guo, S., Liu, G., Yang, L., & Pan, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2022.3173148 · Cited by 7

SCCA: A slicing-and coding-based consensus algorithm for optimizing storage in blockchain-based IoT data sharing

Chen, P., Bai, F., Shen, T., Gong, B., Zhang, L., Huang, L., An, Z., Mir, T., Tu, S., & Waqas, M. M. (2022) · Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications · doi:10.1007/s12083-022-01335-2 · Cited by 7

Origami self-powered near-sensor computing system using 2D materials for deformation monitoring

Zhang, R., Xu, Q., Sun, Y., Lin, Z., Wu, K., Song, Z., Quan, Z., Tang, H., Wang, Z., Zhao, H., et al. (2025) · Device · doi:10.1016/j.device.2025.100933 · Cited by 6

Agile Services Provisioning for Learning-Based Applications in Fog Computing Networks

Chen, N., Sun, Q., Li, Y., Shu, H., Li, J., & Zhang, X. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Services Computing · doi:10.1109/tsc.2023.3239667 · Cited by 6

IoT Technologies and Applications

Yang, Y., Luo, X., Chu, X., & Zhou, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23185-9_1 · Cited by 6

Concept and vision of 6G wireless endogenous safety and security

Jin, L., 楼, 洋., 孙, 小., 钟, 州., 许, 晓., 易, 鸣., 黄, 开., 季, 新., & 邬, 江. (2021) · Scientia Sinica Informationis · doi:10.1360/ssi-2021-0095 · Cited by 6

The integration of Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile Networks and Cloud Engineering for a decision support system - A Systematic Literature Review

Gashi, L., Luma, A., & Januzaj, Y. (2022) · International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (ICHORA) · doi:10.1109/hora55278.2022.9799924 · Cited by 5

Renewable prediction-driven service offloading for IoT-enabled energy systems with edge computing

Fang, Z., Xu, X., Bilal, M., & Jolfaei, A. (2021) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-021-02740-w · Cited by 5

Joint Communication, Sensing, and Multi-tier Computing: A NOMA-aided Framework

Wang, Z., Mu, X., Liu, Y., Xu, X., & Zhang, P. (2022) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom48099.2022.10001210 · Cited by 5

IoT Technologies and Applications

Yang, Y., Chen, X., Tan, R., & Xiao, Y. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119593584.ch1 · Cited by 5

A Latency-Aware Offloading Strategy over Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Infrastructures for Tactile Internet Services

Dai, Q., Qian, J., Qin, G., Li, J., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12136417 · Cited by 4

Design of Scalable and Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Mulberry Paper: Optimizing Electrochemical Performance and Reliability

Lee, S., Park, J. Y., Yoon, H., Park, Y., Lee, J. H., Yoon, K. R., Liu, L., Hwang, B., & Yun, T. G. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c16427 · Cited by 3

Regioregular Asymmetric Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymers with Good Molecular Ordered Assembly Ability for High-performance Polymer Transistors

Liu, Q., Yang, J., Zhao, M., Gao, C., Guan, B., & Dong, H. (2023) · Chinese Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1007/s10118-023-2918-2 · Cited by 3

Fog Computing: A Systematic Review from the Perspectives of Architecture, Business Models, and Research Developments

Sacoto-Cabrera, E. J. (2024) · IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing (COLCOM) · doi:10.1109/colcom62950.2024.10720269 · Cited by 3

Cloud, Edge, and Fog Computing and Security for the Internet of Things

Al-Alshaqi, M., & Rawat, D. B. (2020) · EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things · doi:10.4108/eai.20-10-2020.166666 · Cited by 3

A Novel Task of Loading and Computing Resource Scheduling Strategy in Internet of Vehicles Based on Dynamic Greedy Algorithm

Li, H., Han, S., Wu, X., & Wang, F. (2023) · Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette · doi:10.17559/tv-20221207032927 · Cited by 3

Efficient Privacy-Preserving Multi-Functional Data Aggregation Scheme for Multi-Tier IoT System

Tao, Y., Kong, F., Shi, Y., Yu, J., Zhang, H., & Liu, H. (2023) · IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC) · doi:10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218234 · Cited by 3

Integrating IoT Devices with Distribution Energy Management System by Harmonizing Their Logical Models Using IEC Standards 61970/61968 and 61850

Leite, J. B., & Kezunović, M. (2023) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm52003.2023.10252950 · Cited by 3

Task Unloading Algorithm for Mobile Edge Computing based on graph neural network

Yuze, Z., Geming, X., Li, H., Li, H., & Hui, S. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386688 · Cited by 3

MAFENN: Multi-Agent Feedback Enabled Neural Network for Wireless Channel Equalization

Li, Y., Sun, F., Zu, W., Song, W., Wen, Y., Wang, Y.-X., Yang, Y., Li, K., & Wu, L. (2021) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom46510.2021.9685522 · Cited by 3

Development of a Thermo-Computing Platform

Shirmohammadli, V., & Bahreyni, B. (2021) · International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems · doi:10.1109/transducers50396.2021.9495663 · Cited by 3

Special Issue on Wireless Big Data

Yang, Y., Li, J., Wang, C., Tirkkonen, O., & Zhou, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Big Data · doi:10.1109/tbdata.2020.2966806 · Cited by 3

Research on Security of Business Scenario in Computing Force Network

Zhang, Y., Guo, S., Geng, H., Su, L., & Liu, F. (2022) · Atlantis Highlights in Intelligent Systems/Atlantis highlights in intelligent systems · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-010-7_124 · Cited by 2

Flexible MEMS Techniques for Multi-Physical Sensors

Wan, Y., Qiu, Z., Kang, L., Deng, Z., & Li, J. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1007297 · Cited by 3

Simulation framework for performance analysis in multi-tier IoT Systems

Turkmanović, H., Popovic, I. T., Čiča, Z., & Drajic, D. D. (2021) · Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR) · doi:10.1109/telfor52709.2021.9653170 · Cited by 2

NSACS-PS: A Named Service Access Control Scheme Based on Proxy Signature in Named Computing First Networking

Chen, H., Tao, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2021) · International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking (HotICN) · doi:10.1109/hoticn53262.2021.9680868 · Cited by 2

TD3-based Algorithm for Node Selection on Multi-tier Federated Learning

Lin, H., Wen, H., Hou, W., & Lei, W. (2022) · International Conference on Computing, Communication, Perception and Quantum Technology (CCPQT) · doi:10.1109/ccpqt56151.2022.00034 · Cited by 2

MOGR: Multi-task Offloading via Graph Representation in Heterogeneous Computing Network

Ma, M., Gong, C., Zeng, L., & Yang, Y. (2024) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc51166.2024.10622588 · Cited by 2

Computing and Service Architecture for Intelligent IoT

Yang, Y., Chen, X., Tan, R., & Xiao, Y. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119593584.ch2 · Cited by 2

Progress in in-sensor computing and applications based on photodetectors of two-dimensional materials

Qi, S. H. I., Tian, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.74.20251093 · Cited by 1

Uncertainty-Aware Task Offloading via Federated PDNNs in Multi-Tier Fog Networks

Tran‐Dang, H., & Kim, D. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) · doi:10.1109/indin64977.2025.11279489 · Cited by 1

A Distributed Architecture for Cooperative Deep Learning System in Intelligent Vehicle Systems

Xiao, Y., Qin, F., Sun, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS) · doi:10.1109/nas55553.2022.9925525 · Cited by 1

Delay Optimization Offloading Strategy under Cloud-Edge-End Collaboration

Li, S., & Feng, C. (2023) · International Conference on Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Engineering (ICBAIE) · doi:10.1109/icbaie59714.2023.10281272 · Cited by 1

Development of a User Experience Evaluation Framework for Intelligent IoT Services

Park, G. H., Park, G. H., Lee, Y., Lee, Y., Han, J., Han, J., Kwon, G. H., Kwon, G. H., Heo, J.-Y., Heo, J.-Y., et al. (2025) · Archives of Design Research · doi:10.15187/adr.2025.05.38.2.229 · Cited by 1

Edge Analytics and Deep Learning for Sustainable Development

Singh, S. K., Chakraborty, S., & Soodan, V. (2021) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70183-3_10 · Cited by 1

DBM: Delay-sensitive Buffering Mechanism for DNN Offloading Services

Gao, G., Wu, L., Yang, Y., & Li, K. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC) · doi:10.1109/apcc55198.2022.9943625 · Cited by 1

Satisfaction Maximization Between Data and Computing Capacities in UAV-Based MEC Network

Gao, Z., Liu, A., Xu, X., Liang, X., & Liu, X. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC) · doi:10.1109/iccc56324.2022.10065684 · Cited by 1

Edge Computing and Network Softwarization for the Internet of Healthcare Things

Rodrigues, C. A. P., Oliveira, V. T., Vieira, D., Pereira, M. B., & de Castro, M. F. (2023) · Signals and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34601-9_12 · Cited by 1

Quantitative and Qualitative Economic Benefits of Fog

Weinman, J. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119501121.ch5 · Cited by 1

Cross‐Domain Resource Management Frameworks

Yang, Y., Chen, X., Tan, R., & Xiao, Y. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119593584.ch3 · Cited by 1

IoT , Fog Computing with AI Possibility

Yadav, D. (2019) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2019.6306

Machine Learning for Context‐Aware Cross‐Layer Optimization

Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhao, S., Shao, Z., & Wang, K. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119562306.ch19

Integration of D2D with Edge/Fog Computing

Zhu, Z., Luo, X., Wang, K., & Yang, Y. (2020) · Wiley 5G Ref · doi:10.1002/9781119471509.w5gref193

Conclusions

Yang, Y., Luo, X., Chu, X., & Zhou, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23185-9_8

Introduction

Wang, X., Han, Y., Leung, V. C. M., Niyato, D. T., Yan, X., & Chen, X. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6186-3_1

A Deep Learning Approach Using Blurring Image Techniques for Bluetooth-Based Indoor LocalisationPreprint

Castillo‐Cara, M., Talla-Chumpitaz, R., Orozco–Barbosa, L., & García‐Castro, R. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4180099

SCOTT: Scheduling of Comprehensive Objectives for Tasks with Multitargets in Computing Networks

Zhang, G., Liu, Z., Wang, K., Zang, X., Zuo, Y., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/4553317

Simulation environment for scalability and performance analysis in hierarchically organized IoT systems

Turkmanović, H., Popovic, I. T., Čiča, Z., & Drajic, D. D. (2022) · Telfor Journal · doi:10.5937/telfor2202085t

An Efficient Bandit Learning based Online Task Offloading in Fog Computing-Enabled Systems

Tran‐Dang, H., & Kim, D. (2023) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311831

Integrated Management and Control System of Infrastructure Construction Based on Adaptive Grouping Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Cui, W., Liao, X., Kang, L., & Xu, Z. (2023) · Advances in transdisciplinary engineering · doi:10.3233/atde231015

Study of the method of controlling the compatibility of Internet of Things devices based on the MQTT application layer protocol

Тіменко, А., Shkarupylo, V. V., Kulykovska, N. A., & Hrushko, S. (2024) · Herald of Advanced Information Technology · doi:10.15276/hait.07.2024.4

An Edge-oriented Deep Learning Model Security Assessment Framework

Wang, P., Zhang, B., Zhang, S., & Liu, X. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications (ISPA) · doi:10.1109/ispa-bdcloud-socialcom-sustaincom59178.2023.00056

Res‐ MulFra : Multilevel and Multiscale Framework for Brain Tumor Segmentation

Huang, D., Qiu, L., Liu, Z., Ding, Y., & Cao, M. (2024) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.23135

Service Localization and User Satisfaction Enabled Multi-Tier Computing IoT System

Gong, C., Ma, M., Zeng, L., Yang, Y., Wu, L., & Liu, Z. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW) · doi:10.1109/icdcsw63686.2024.00014

Multi-dimensional Quality of Experience for Customized User Requirements

Liu, Y., Ma, M., Gong, C., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC) · doi:10.1109/apcc62576.2024.10768101

Internet of Energy, and Internet of Microgrids (IoE, IoM)

Leite, J. B., & Kezunović, M. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394191529.ch8

Progressive Goal-Oriented Communications for Reinforcement Learning Control Over Multi-Tier Computing Systems

Chen, D., Huang, T., Shi, J., Hong, X., & Yang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3574624

Three-terminal quantum dot LEDs with integrate-and-fire neuron for on-device encryption

Zhou, G., Pan, Y., Hu, H., Guo, T., & Li, F. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.175035

Employ Edge and Cloud Computing for Low-Latency Multimedia Streaming: Architecture for Real-Time Video Delivery

Pandi, V. S., Medida, L. H., Al-Qerem, A., Shobana, D., Soujanya, R., & Gupta, M. (2026) · International Conference on Innovations in Mechanical, Robotics, Computing and Biomedical Engineering (ICIMRBE) · doi:10.1109/icimrbe70745.2026.11709917

A dual-mode hardware security design with iterative PUF generation and reconfigurable boolean logic based on RRAM array

Hu, Y., Qu, Y., Lu, B., Liu, A., Sang, P., Zhan, X., & Chen, J. (2026) · Microelectronics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2026.107548

Cloud, Fog and Mist Computing in IoT: An Indication of Emerging Opportunities

Ketu, S., & Mishra, P. K. (2021) · IETE Technical Review · doi:10.1080/02564602.2021.1898482 · Cited by 66

Guest Editorial Multi-Tier Computing for Next Generation Wireless Networks—Part II

Wang, K., Yang, Y., Jin, J., Zhang, T., Nallanathan, A., Tellambura, C., & Bijan Jabbari, B. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3228094 · Cited by 1

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Integrated Cloud-Fog-Edge Computing in IoT Systems

Zarei, A., Ahmadi, M., & Mardukhi, F. (2025) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Intelligent Systems (ICSPIS) · doi:10.1109/icspis68676.2025.11551750

Orchestration of distributed ingestion and processing of IoT data for fog platforms

Rico, J. L. P. (2018) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-125503

Guest Editorial Multi-Tier Computing for Next Generation Wireless Networks—Part I

Wang, K., Yang, Y., Jin, J., Zhang, T., Nallanathan, A., Tellambura, C., & Bijan Jabbari, B. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3228093 · Cited by 2