Applications of organoids for cancer biology and precision medicine
Open accessAbstract
Organoid technologies enable the creation of in vitro physiologic systems that model tissues of origin more accurately than classical culture approaches. Seminal characteristics, including three-dimensional structure and recapitulation of self-renewal, differentiation, and disease pathology, render organoids eminently suited as hybrids that combine the experimental tractability of traditional 2D cell lines with cellular attributes of in vivo model systems. Here, we describe recent advances in this rapidly evolving field and their applications in cancer biology, clinical translation and precision medicine.
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Exome sequencing of liver cancer organoids showed mutation concordance decreased from 92% for organoids cultured less than two months to 80% for those grown over four months.
“For instance, exome sequencing of liver cancer organoids showed how mutation concordance decreased from 92% for organoids cultured for less than two months to 80% for those grown for over four months132.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
In “Studying tumor heterogeneity” (page unavailable), the review reports that liver tumor organoids retained around 92% of tissue mutations after less than two months and more than 80% after more than four months. This supports the overall comparison, but the source says “>80%,” not 80%, and does not specify exome sequencing for that finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence is mixed on whether molecular characteristics are maintained over long-term culture, with some studies reporting maintenance and others observing tumor evolution after serial passaging.
“While some studies have reported that molecular characteristics can be maintained over long-term culture, others have observed tumor evolution after serial passaging129,132.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
Several patient-derived organoid models, including pancreas, colorectal, and liver cancer, exhibit heterogeneous responses to known chemotherapeutic and anticancer agents.
“In particular, for cancer treatment, several different patient-derived organoid models tested, including but not limited to: pancreas, colorectal and liver cancer all exhibit heterogeneous responses to known chemotherapeutic and anticancer agents49,132,212.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
Primary human organoids have enabled exploration of biological processes in normal physiology and various pathological states previously difficult to study.
“As a result, primary human organoids have enabled the exploration of biological processes in both normal physiology and various pathological states that were previously difficult to study3,4.”
From Large-scale CRISPR screening in primary human 3D gastric organoids enables comprehensive dissection of gene-drug interactions (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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References 194 · Cited by 182
- Authors
- Lo, Y.-H., Karlsson, K., & Kuo, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kuo, Calvin J.
- Venue
- Nature Cancer
- Published
- 2020-08-18
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 761-773
- ISSN
- 2662-1347 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8208643
- OpenAlex
- W3051929821
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 8.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01CA217851, U54CA224081, U01CA199241, K00CA212433)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI116484)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Emerson Collective
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Veterinary Oncology Research
- Keywords
- organoids, tumor biology, precision medicine, in vitro tissue models, 3D cell culture, self-renewal, clinical translation
- MeSH terms
- Biology, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Neoplasms, Organoids, Precision Medicine
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