CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3Lipid Membrane Structure and BehaviorBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyEscherichia coli research studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Lipopolysaccharide confinement in the bacterial outer membrane is governed by interactions within the conserved Lipid A anchor

Open access
Nabarro, Joe, Leaman, Rosalyn M, Lenton, Samuel, Mantion, Leonore, Spears, Richard J, Coles, Mark C, Pushkin, Dmitri O, Fascione, Martin A, Baumann, Christoph G·2026·The EMBO Journal
DOI 10.1038/s44318-026-00711-5PMC PMC13043748

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric bilayer in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the principal component of the outer leaflet, promotes tight packing and ordering of the membrane components that are essential for the barrier and load-bearing functions of this membrane. Lipopolysaccharide mobility is known to be restricted in the outer membrane, but this confinement and the underlying biophysical interactions responsible remain to be fully characterized. Here, we apply a bio-orthogonal strategy for in situ site-specific fluorescent labeling of LPS. Using fluorescence microscopy, we quantify LPS lateral confinement in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and demonstrate that this confinement is independent of oligosaccharide domain structure. We show that lipopolysaccharide assembles into discrete supramolecular structures, and that restricted lateral mobility arises from a combination of divalent cation-mediated electrostatic interactions in the anionic Lipid A headgroup, and hydrophobic interactions between acyl chains within the lipid milieu. Magnesium cations exert a greater influence than calcium cations on lipopolysaccharide lateral mobility. These traits are conserved across multiple pathogenic bacterial species, irrespective of O-antigen serotype, showing that lipopolysaccharide confinement is a ubiquitous feature of Gram-negative bacteria.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s44318-026-00711-5

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 104

  1. Amor K, Heinrichs DE, Frirdich E, Ziebell K, Johnson RP, Whitfield C (2000) Distribution of core oligosaccharide types in lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 68:1116–1124 · DOI
  2. Asmar AT, Collet J-F (2018) Lpp, the Braun lipoprotein, turns 50—major achievements and remaining issues. FEMS Microbiol Lett 365:fny199 · DOI
  3. Baba T, Ara T, Hasegawa M, Takai Y, Okumura Y, Baba M, Datsenko KA, Tomita M, Wanner BL, Mori H (2006) Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection. Mol Syst Biol 2:2006.0008 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Benn G, Mikheyeva IV, Inns PG, Forster JC, Ojkic N, Bortolini C, Ryadnov MG, Kleanthous C, Silhavy TJ, Hoogenboom BW (2021) Phase separation in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2112237118 · DOI
  5. Bertani B, Ruiz N (2018) Function and biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides. EcoSal Plus. https://doi.org/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0001-2018 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Blattner FR, Plunkett IIIG, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF et al (1997) The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277:1453–1462 · DOI
  7. Brabham RL, Keenan T, Husken A, Bilsborrow J, McBerney R, Kumar V, Turnbull WB, Fascione MA (2020) Rapid sodium periodate cleavage of an unnatural amino acid enables unmasking of a highly reactive α-oxo aldehyde for protein bioconjugation. Org Biomol Chem 18:4000–4003 · DOI
  8. Brandner AF, Prakaash D, Blanco González A, Waterhouse F, Khalid S (2024) Faster but not sweeter: a model of Escherichia coli re-level lipopolysaccharide for Martini 3 and a Martini 2 version with accelerated kinetics. J Chem Theory Comput 20:6890–6903 · DOI
  9. Braun M, Silhavy TJ (2002) Imp/OstA is required for cell envelope biogenesis in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 45:1289–1302 · DOI
  10. Browning DF, Wells TJ, França FLS, Morris FC, Sevastsyanovich YR, Bryant JA, Johnson MD, Lund PA, Cunningham AF, Hobman JL et al (2013) Laboratory adapted Escherichia coli K-12 becomes a pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans upon restoration of O antigen biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 87:939–950 · DOI
  11. Chen H, Ahsan SS, Santiago-Berrios MEB, Abruña HD, Webb WW (2010) Mechanisms of quenching of Alexa fluorophores by natural amino acids. J Am Chem Soc 132:7244–7245 · DOI
  12. Chen SL, Hung C-S, Xu J, Reigstad CS, Magrini V, Sabo A, Blasiar D, Bieri T, Meyer RR, Ozersky P et al (2006) Identification of genes subject to positive selection in uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli: a comparative genomics approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5977–5982 · DOI
  13. Chng S-S, Ruiz N, Chimalakonda G, Silhavy TJ, Kahne D (2010) Characterization of the two-protein complex in Escherichia coli responsible for lipopolysaccharide assembly at the outer membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:5363–5368 · DOI
  14. Clifton LA, Skoda MWA, Le Brun AP, Ciesielski F, Kuzmenko I, Holt SA, Lakey JH (2015) Effect of divalent cation removal on the structure of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane models. Langmuir 31:404–412 · DOI
  15. Crawford RW, Keestra AM, Winter SE, Xavier MN, Tsolis RM, Tolstikov V, Bäumler AJ (2012) Very long O-antigen chains enhance fitness during Salmonella-induced colitis by increasing bile resistance. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002918 · DOI
  16. Delcour AH (2009) Outer membrane permeability and antibiotic resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 1794:808–816 · DOI
  17. Dias RP, da Hora GCA, Ramstedt M, Soares TA (2014) Outer membrane remodeling: the structural dynamics and electrostatics of rough lipopolysaccharide chemotypes. J Chem Theory Comput 10:2488–2497 · DOI
  18. Dong H, Xiang Q, Gu Y, Wang Z, Paterson NG, Stansfeld PJ, He C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Dong C (2014) Structural basis for outer membrane lipopolysaccharide insertion. Nature 511:52–56 · DOI
  19. Dosset P, Rassam P, Fernandez L, Espenel C, Rubinstein E, Margeat E, Milhiet P-E (2016) Automatic detection of diffusion modes within biological membranes using back-propagation neural network. BMC Bioinforma 17:197 · DOI
  20. Dumont A, Malleron A, Awwad M, Dukan S, Vauzeilles B (2012) Click-mediated labeling of bacterial membranes through metabolic modification of the lipopolysaccharide inner core. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:3143–3146 · DOI
  21. Eggert US, Ruiz N, Falcone BV, Branstrom AA, Goldman RC, Silhavy TJ, Kahne D (2001) Genetic basis for activity differences between vancomycin and glycolipid derivatives of vancomycin. Science 294:361–364 · DOI
  22. Fitzmaurice DR, Amador A, Starr T, Hocky GM, Rojas ER (2025) β-Barrel proteins dictate the effect of core oligosaccharide composition on outer membrane mechanics. Biophys J 124:765–777 · DOI
  23. Freinkman E, Chng S-S, Kahne D (2011) The complex that inserts lipopolysaccharide into the bacterial outer membrane forms a two-protein plug-and-barrel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:2486–2491 · DOI
  24. Garidel P, Rappolt M, Schromm AB, Howe J, Lohner K, Andrä J, Koch MHJ, Brandenburg K (2005) Divalent cations affect chain mobility and aggregate structure of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota reflected in a decrease of its biological activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1715:122–131 · DOI
  25. Geertsma ER, Poolman B (2007) High-throughput cloning and expression in recalcitrant bacteria. Nat Methods 4:705–707 · DOI
  26. Gerding MA, Ogata Y, Pecora ND, Niki H, de Boer PAJ (2007) The trans-envelope Tol–Pal complex is part of the cell division machinery and required for proper outer-membrane invagination during cell constriction in E. coli. Mol Microbiol 63:1008–1025 · DOI
  27. Ghosh AS, Young KD (2005) Helical disposition of proteins and lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 187:1913–1922 · DOI
  28. Gibson DG, Young L, Chuang R-Y, Venter JC, Hutchison IIICA, Smith HO (2009) Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases. Nat Methods 6:343–345 · DOI
  29. Grenier F, Matteau D, Baby V, Rodrigue S (2014) Complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli BW25113. Genome Announc. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomea.01038-01014 · DOI
  30. Guerrero-Mandujano A, Hernández-Cortez C, Ibarra JA, Castro-Escarpulli G (2017) The outer membrane vesicles: secretion system type zero. Traffic 18:425–432 · DOI
  31. Hancock SM, Uprety R, Deiters A, Chin JW (2010) Expanding the genetic code of yeast for incorporation of diverse unnatural amino acids via a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair. J Am Chem Soc 132:14819–14824 · DOI
  32. Heinz C, Niederweis M (2000) Selective extraction and purification of a mycobacterial outer membrane protein. Anal Biochem 285:113–120 · DOI
  33. Henderson JC, Zimmerman SM, Crofts AA, Boll JM, Kuhns LG, Herrera CM, Trent MS (2016) The power of asymmetry: architecture and assembly of the Gram-negative outer membrane lipid bilayer. Annu Rev Microbiol 70:255–278 · DOI
  34. Herrmann M, Schneck E, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K, Tanaka M (2015) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides form physically cross-linked, two-dimensional gels in the presence of divalent cations. Soft Matter 11:6037–6044 · DOI
  35. Hughes LD, Rawle RJ, Boxer SG (2014) Choose your label wisely: water-soluble fluorophores often interact with lipid bilayers. PLoS One 9:e87649 · DOI
  36. Huisgen R (1963) 1, 3-Dipolar cycloadditions. Past and future. Angew Chem Int Ed 2:565–598 · DOI
  37. Jeworrek C, Evers F, Howe J, Brandenburg K, Tolan M, Winter R (2011) Effects of specific versus nonspecific ionic interactions on the structure and lateral organization of lipopolysaccharides. Biophys J 100:2169–2177 · DOI
  38. Kirschner KN, Lins RD, Maass A, Soares TA (2012) A glycam-based force field for simulations of lipopolysaccharide membranes: parametrization and validation. J Chem Theory Comput 8:4719–4731 · DOI
  39. Koebnik R (1999) Structural and functional roles of the surface-exposed loops of the β-barrel membrane protein OmpA from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 181:3688–3694 · DOI
  40. Koebnik R, Locher KP, Van Gelder P (2000) Structure and function of bacterial outer membrane proteins: barrels in a nutshell. Mol Microbiol 37:239–253 · DOI
  41. Kucerka N, Papp-Szabo E, Nieh M-P, Harroun TA, Schooling SR, Pencer J, Nicholson EA, Beveridge TJ, Katsaras J (2008) Effect of cations on the structure of bilayers formed by lipopolysaccharides isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. J Phys Chem B 112:8057–8062 · DOI
  42. Kumar S, Inns PG, Ward S, Lagage V, Wang J, Kaminska R, Booth MJ, Uphoff S, Cohen EAK, Mamou G et al (2025) Immobile lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins differentially segregate in growing Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 122:e2414725122
  43. Kuru E, Hughes HV, Brown PJ, Hall E, Tekkam S, Cava F, de Pedro MA, Brun YV, VanNieuwenhze MS (2012) In situ probing of newly synthesized peptidoglycan in live bacteria with fluorescent D-amino acids. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:12519–12523 · DOI
  44. Kusumi A, Sako Y, Yamamoto M (1993) Confined lateral diffusion of membrane receptors as studied by single particle tracking (nanovid microscopy). Effects of calcium-induced differentiation in cultured epithelial cells. Biophys J 65:2021–2040 · DOI
  45. Leive L (1968) Studies on the permeability change produced in coliform bacteria by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J Biol Chem 243:2373–2380 · DOI
  46. Leive L, Shovlin VK, Mergenhagen SE (1968) Physical, chemical, and immunological properties of lipopolysaccharide released from Escherichia coli by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J Biol Chem 243:6384–6391 · DOI
  47. Lerouge I, Vanderleyden J (2002) O-antigen structural variation: mechanisms and possible roles in animal/plant–microbe interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 26:17–47 · DOI
  48. Lithgow T, Stubenrauch CJ, Stumpf MPH (2023) Surveying membrane landscapes: a new look at the bacterial cell surface. Nat Rev Microbiol 21:502–518 · DOI
  49. López CA, Zgurskaya H, Gnanakaran S (2020) Molecular characterization of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 1862:183151 · DOI
  50. Mamat U, Wilke K, Bramhill D, Schromm AB, Lindner B, Kohl TA, Corchero JL, Villaverde A, Schaffer L, Head SR et al (2015) Detoxifying Escherichia coli for endotoxin-free production of recombinant proteins. Micro Cell Fact 14:57 · DOI
  51. Manders EM, Stap J, Brakenhoff GJ, van, Driel R, Aten JA (1992) Dynamics of three-dimensional replication patterns during the S-phase, analysed by double labeling of DNA and confocal microscopy. J Cell Sci 103:857–862 · DOI
  52. Mbua NE, Guo J, Wolfert MA, Steet R, Boons G-J (2011) Strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloadditions (SPAAC) reveal new features of glycoconjugate biosynthesis. ChemBioChem 12:1912–1921 · DOI
  53. McClelland M, Sanderson KE, Spieth J, Clifton SW, Latreille P, Courtney L, Porwollik S, Ali J, Dante M, Du F et al (2001) Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature 413:852–856 · DOI
  54. Milles S, Tyagi S, Banterle N, Koehler C, VanDelinder V, Plass T, Neal AP, Lemke EA (2012) Click strategies for single-molecule protein fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 134:5187–5195 · DOI
  55. Moeschler HJ, Schaer JJ, Cox JA (1980) A thermodynamic analysis of the binding of calcium, and magnesium ions to parvalbumin. Eur J Biochem 111:73–78 · DOI
  56. Mühlradt PF, Menzel J, Golecki JR, Speth V (1974) Lateral mobility and surface density of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Eur J Biochem 43:533–539 · DOI
  57. Newstead S, Hobbs J, Jordan D, Carpenter EP, Iwata S (2008) Insights into outer membrane protein crystallization. Mol Membr Biol 25:631–638 · DOI
  58. Nguyen DP, Lusic H, Neumann H, Kapadnis PB, Deiters A, Chin JW (2009) Genetic encoding and labeling of aliphatic azides and alkynes in recombinant proteins via a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA(CUA) pair and click chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 131:8720–8721 · DOI
  59. Nikaido H (2003) Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability revisited. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67:593–656 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Nilsson I, Grove K, Dovala D, Uehara T, Lapointe G, Six DA (2017) Molecular characterization and verification of azido-3,8-dideoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid incorporation into bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 292:19840–19848 · DOI
  61. Okuda S, Sherman DJ, Silhavy TJ, Ruiz N, Kahne D (2016) Lipopolysaccharide transport and assembly at the outer membrane: the PEZ model. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:337–345 · DOI
  62. Pearson K (1896) VII. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. III. Regression, heredity, and panmixia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A, Contain Pap A Math or Phys Character 187:253–318
  63. Phair RD, Gorski SA, Misteli T (2003) Measurement of dynamic protein binding to chromatin in vivo, using photobleaching microscopy. Methods Enzymol 375:393–414 · DOI
  64. Plass T, Milles S, Koehler C, Schultz C, Lemke EA (2011) Genetically encoded copper-free click chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:3878–3881 · DOI
  65. Qin N, Olcese R, Bransby M, Lin T, Birnbaumer L (1999) Ca2+-induced inhibition of the cardiac Ca2+ channel depends on calmodulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:2435–2438 · DOI
  66. Raetz CRH, Whitfield C (2002) Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 71:635–700 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Rahnamoun A, Kim K, Pedersen JA, Hernandez R (2020) Ionic environment affects bacterial lipopolysaccharide packing and function. Langmuir 36:3149–3158 · DOI
  68. Rao SD, Igoshin OA (2021) Overlaid positive and negative feedback loops shape dynamical properties of PhoPQ two-component system. PLoS Comput Biol 17:e1008130 · DOI
  69. Rassam P, Copeland NA, Birkholz O, Tóth C, Chavent M, Duncan AL, Cross SJ, Housden NG, Kaminska R, Seger U et al (2015) Supramolecular assemblies underpin turnover of outer membrane proteins in bacteria. Nature 523:333–336 · DOI
  70. Rassam P, Long KR, Kaminska R, Williams DJ, Papadakos G, Baumann CG, Kleanthous C (2018) Intermembrane crosstalk drives inner-membrane protein organization in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 9:1082 · DOI
  71. Rojas ER, Billings G, Odermatt PD, Auer GK, Zhu L, Miguel A, Chang F, Weibel DB, Theriot JA, Huang KC (2018) The outer membrane is an essential load-bearing element in Gram-negative bacteria. Nature 559:617–621 · DOI
  72. Ruiz N, Falcone B, Kahne D, Silhavy TJ (2005) Chemical conditionality: a genetic strategy to probe organelle assembly. Cell 121:307–317 · DOI
  73. Sampson BA, Misra R, Benson SA (1989) Identification and characterization of a new gene of Escherichia coli K-12 involved in outer membrane permeability. Genetics 122:491–501 · DOI
  74. Santos DES, Pol-Fachin L, Lins RD, Soares TA (2017) Polymyxin binding to the bacterial outer membrane reveals cation displacement and increasing membrane curvature in susceptible but not in resistant lipopolysaccharide chemotypes. J Chem Inf Model 57:2181–2193 · DOI
  75. Schägger H (2006) Tricine–SDS-PAGE. Nat Protoc 1:16–22 · DOI
  76. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B et al (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676–682 · DOI · Paper page
  77. Schindler M, Osborn MJ, Koppel DE (1980) Lateral diffusion of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Nature 285:261–263 · DOI
  78. Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9:671–675 · DOI · Paper page
  79. Sharma V, Zeng Y, Wang WW, Qiao Y, Kurra Y, Liu WR (2018) Evolving the N-terminal domain of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase for improved incorporation of noncanonical amino acids. ChemBioChem 19:26–30 · DOI
  80. Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ (2009) Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C {1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics 5:307–317 · DOI
  81. Siegrist MS, Whiteside S, Jewett JC, Aditham A, Cava F, Bertozzi CR (2013) D-amino acid chemical reporters reveal peptidoglycan dynamics of an intracellular pathogen. ACS Chem Biol 8:500–505 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S (2010) The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2:a000414 · DOI
  83. Simpson BW, Trent MS (2019) Pushing the envelope: LPS modifications and their consequences. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:403–416 · DOI
  84. Snyder S, Kim D, McIntosh TJ (1999) Lipopolysaccharide bilayer structure: effect of chemotype, core mutations, divalent cations, and temperature. Biochemistry 38:10758–10767 · DOI
  85. Sonntag I, Schwarz H, Hirota Y, Henning U (1978) Cell envelope and shape of Escherichia coli: multiple mutants missing the outer membrane lipoprotein and other major outer membrane proteins. J Bacteriol 136:280–285 · DOI
  86. Stover CK, Pham XQ, Erwin AL, Mizoguchi SD, Warrener P, Hickey MJ, Brinkman FSL, Hufnagle WO, Kowalik DJ, Lagrou M et al (2000) Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature 406:959–964 · DOI
  87. Sun J, Rutherford ST, Silhavy TJ, Huang KC (2022) Physical properties of the bacterial outer membrane. Nat Rev Microbiol 20:236–248 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Tan WB, Chng S-S (2024) How bacteria establish and maintain outer membrane lipid asymmetry. Annu Rev Microbiol 78:553–573 · DOI
  89. Tinevez J-Y, Perry N, Schindelin J, Hoopes GM, Reynolds GD, Laplantine E, Bednarek SY, Shorte SL, Eliceiri KW (2017) TrackMate: an open and extensible platform for single-particle tracking. Methods 115:80–90 · DOI
  90. Vaiwala R, Ayappa KG (2024) Martini-3 coarse-grained models for the bacterial lipopolysaccharide outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J Chem Theory Comput 20:1704–1716 · DOI
  91. van de Linde S, Löschberger A, Klein T, Heidbreder M, Wolter S, Heilemann M, Sauer M (2011) Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy with standard fluorescent probes. Nat Protoc 6:991–1009 · DOI
  92. Veigel C, Bartoo ML, White DC, Sparrow JC, Molloy JE (1998) The stiffness of rabbit skeletal actomyosin cross-bridges determined with an optical tweezers transducer. Biophys J 75:1424–1438 · DOI
  93. Verhoeven GS, Dogterom M, den Blaauwen T (2013) Absence of long-range diffusion of OmpA in E. coli is not caused by its peptidoglycan binding domain. BMC Microbiol 13:66 · DOI
  94. Wan W, Huang Y, Wang Z, Russell WK, Pai P-J, Russell DH, Liu WR (2010) A facile system for genetic incorporation of two different noncanonical amino acids into one protein in Escherichia coli. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:3211–3214 · DOI
  95. Wang Q, Chan TR, Hilgraf R, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Finn MG (2003) Bioconjugation by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 125:3192–3193 · DOI
  96. Webby MN, Oluwole AO, Pedebos C, Inns PG, Olerinyova A, Prakaash D, Housden NG, Benn G, Sun D, Hoogenboom BW et al (2022) Lipids mediate supramolecular outer membrane protein assembly in bacteria. Sci Adv 8:eadc9566 · DOI
  97. Westphal O, Jann K (1965) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Extraction with phenol-water and further applications of the procedure. Methods Carbohydr Chem 5:83–91
  98. Whitfield C, Trent MS (2014) Biosynthesis and export of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Annu Rev Biochem 83:99–128 · DOI
  99. Wu EL, Engström O, Jo S, Stuhlsatz D, Yeom MS, Klauda JB, Widmalm G, Im W (2013) Molecular dynamics and NMR spectroscopy studies of E. coli lipopolysaccharide structure and dynamics. Biophys J 105:1444–1455 · DOI
  100. Wu EL, Fleming PJ, Yeom MS, Widmalm G, Klauda JB, Fleming KG, Im W (2014) E. coli outer membrane and interactions with OmpLA. Biophys J 106:2493–2502 · DOI
  101. Wu T, Malinverni J, Ruiz N, Kim S, Silhavy TJ, Kahne D (2005) Identification of a multicomponent complex required for outer membrane biogenesis in Escherichia coli. Cell 121:235–245 · DOI
  102. Wu T, McCandlish AC, Gronenberg LS, Chng S-S, Silhavy TJ, Kahne D (2006) Identification of a protein complex that assembles lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:11754–11759 · DOI
  103. Young JW, Zhao Z, Wason IS, Duong van Hoa F (2023) A dual detergent strategy to capture a bacterial outer membrane proteome in peptidiscs for characterization by mass spectrometry and binding assays. J Proteome Res 22:1537–1545 · DOI
  104. Ziylan ZS, de Putter G-J, Roelofs M, van Dijl JM, Scheffers D-J, Walvoort MTC (2023) Evaluation of Kdo-8-N3 incorporation into lipopolysaccharides of various Escherichia coli strains. RSC Chem Biol 4:884–893 · DOI

Metadata

Authors
Nabarro, J., Leaman, R. M., Lenton, S., Mantion, L., Spears, R. J., Coles, M. C., Pushkin, D. O., Fascione, M. A., & Baumann, C. G.
Affiliations
  • University of York (GB)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Fascione, Martin A
  • Baumann, Christoph G
ORCID
Venue
The EMBO Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2026-02-17
Volume
45
Issue
7
Pages
2338-2369
ISSN
  • 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2075
DOI
10.1038/s44318-026-00711-5
PMC
PMC13043748
OpenAlex
W7129558931
Cited by
3
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 2
FWCI
4.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/T017589/1)
  • UKRI | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X023680/1)
  • UKRI | Medical Research Council (MC-PC-15073)
  • BBSRC White Rose Doctoral Training Partnership (2272649)
  • Wellcome Trust CIDCATS Interdisciplinary PhD Training Programme (WT095024MA)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Escherichia coli research studies
Keywords
lipopolysaccharide, lateral confinement, bacterial outer membrane, Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, lipid A, divalent cations, magnesium, calcium, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, supramolecular self-assembly, O-antigen, membrane asymmetry
MeSH terms
Bacterial Outer Membrane, Calcium, Escherichia coli, Lipid A, Magnesium

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review