Anti-hyperactivity medication: methylphenidate and amphetamine
Abstract
How do 'stimulants' reduce hyperactivity in children and adults? How can drugs which raise extracellular dopamine result in psychomotor slowing of hyperactive children when dopamine is known to enhance motor activity, such as in Parkinson's disease? These apparent paradoxes are the focus of this brief review on the mechanism of action of stimulant medications used in the treatment of children, and of an increasing number of adults who meet diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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DA accumulation after MPH blockade of DAT induces disinhibition (upregulation) of presynaptic DRD2 and activates D1 receptors on the postsynaptic neuron that uptake DA, continuing neuronal transmission and improving attention, focus and organized thoughts and actions.
“DA accumulation after MPH blockade of DAT induces disinhibition (upregulation) of the presynaptic receptor DRD2 (dopaminergic neuron) and activates D1 receptors on the postsynaptic neuron that uptake DA, continuing the neuronal transmission and therefore improving attention, focus and organized thoughts and actions [172, 173].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [172]
The idea that the clinical effects of stimulants are mediated by the ability of small increases in extracellular dopamine to produce a net decrease in phasic catecholamine release by the selective activation of dopamine autoreceptors is supported by studies showing reduction in behavioural activity levels in children with ADHD following low doses of dopamine agonists and from neurocomputational.
“The idea that the clinical effects of stimulants are mediated by the ability of small increases in extracellular dopamine to produce a net decrease in phasic catecholamine release by the selective activation of dopamine autoreceptors (following an increase in tonic dopamine levels) (Solanto, 1984, 1998; Seeman and Madras, 1998) is supported by studies showing reduction in behavioural activity”
From A positron emission tomography study of nigro-striatal dopaminergic mechanisms underlying attention: implications for ADHD and its treatment (2013) · cites this paper as Seeman and Madras, 1998
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Cited by 252
- Authors
- Seeman, P., & Madras, B. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 1998-09-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 386-396
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- OpenAlex
- W1991162436
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da009462-05)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 09462, R01DA007223, DA00304, DA07223)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, amphetamine, stimulant medication, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperactivity, mechanism of action, dopamine, psychomotor retardation, children, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amino Acid Sequence, Amphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Dopamine, Humans, Methylphenidate, Models, Neurological, Molecular Sequence Data, Parkinson Disease, Protein Conformation, Receptors, Dopamine, Synapses, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid, Receptors, Dopamine D4
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