The effect of diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat on glycaemic control in humans: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Diurnal carbohydrate and fat distribution modulates glycaemic control in rodents. In humans, the optimal timing of both macronutrients and its effects on glycaemic control after prolonged consumption are not studied in detail. In this cross-over trial, 29 non-obese men were randomized to two four-week diets: (1) carbohydrate-rich meals until 13.30 and fat-rich meals between 16.30 and 22.00 (HC/HF) versus (2) inverse sequence of meals (HF/HC). After each trial period two meal tolerance tests were performed, at 09.00 and 15.40, respectively, according to the previous intervention. On the HF/HC diet, whole-day glucose level was increased by 7.9% (p = 0.026) in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IFG/IGT, n = 11), and GLP-1 by 10.2% (p = 0.041) in normal glucose-tolerant subjects (NGT, n = 18). Diet effects on fasting GLP-1 (p = 0.009) and PYY (p = 0.034) levels were observed in IFG/IGT, but not in NGT. Afternoon decline of glucose tolerance was more pronounced in IFG/IGT and associated with a stronger decrease of postprandial GLP-1 and PYY levels, but not with changes of cortisol rhythm. In conclusion, the HF/HC diet shows an unfavourable effect on glycaemic control in IFG/IGT, but not in NGT subjects. Consequently, large, carbohydrate-rich dinners should be avoided, primarily by subjects with impaired glucose metabolism.
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Consuming more carbohydrates at lunch time and more fats later rather than earlier reduces fasting blood glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 responses.
“Furthermore, consuming more carbohydrates at lunch time (Table 4) and more fats later rather than earlier, reduced fasting blood glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 responses.”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [314]
Whole day blood glucose fluctuations are maintained lower when carbohydrates are consumed earlier than later in the day.
“Whole day blood glucose fluctuations were also maintained lower when carbohydrates were consumed earlier than later in the day [314].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [314]
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References 65 · Cited by 60
- Authors
- Kessler, K., Hornemann, S., Petzke, K. J., Kemper, M., Kramer, A., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Pivovarova, O., & Rudovich, N.
- Affiliations
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Katharina
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-03-08
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44170-44170
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5341154
- OpenAlex
- W2592674884
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- high-fat meal, glycemic control, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, cortisol rhythm, meal timing, glucose tolerance, postprandial blood glucose
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Fasting, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peptide YY, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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