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Proof of A Pine Wood Origin for Pitch from Tudor (Mary Rose) and Etruscan Shipwrecks - Application of Analytical Organic-Chemistry in Archaeology
Abstract
Six samples of tar and pitch from the wreck of the Mary Rose (Tudor, AD 1509–45) and a sample of pitch from an Etruscan shipwreck (ca. 600 BC) have been analysed by a number of modern analytical techniques (elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, GC and GC-MS). Similar analyses were performed on samples of contemporary tars, derived from natural sources, for comparative purposes. The major constituents of the archaeological samples were observed to be alkyl-substituted, tricyclic diterpenoids based on the abietane and pimarane skeletons. Similar molecular compositions and spectral properties were found for Stockholm tar (a good quality wood tar obtained by the destructive distillation of Pinus sylvestris), and Tudor and Etruscan pitches, thus providing conclusive evidence for the derivation of the archaeological samples from pine wood. The analytical techniques utilised are compared for their relative usefulness in chemical archaeology.
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Pine pitch continued to be used as a waterproofing material in late medieval/contemporary times, as evidenced by analyses of naval timbers like the Mary Rose and the Bremer Kogge.
“Nevertheless, pine pitch continued to be used as a waterproofing material which is evidenced by analyses of contemporary naval timbers like that of the Mary Rose, the flagship of king Henry VIII [70], [94], and the Bremer Kogge [95].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
Pine tar and pitch have been widely used to coat ceramics to make them impermeable for liquids such as wine, oils or garum, with the earliest evidence dating back to the 7th century BC.
“Pine tar and pitch have been widely used to coat ceramics to make them impermeable for liquids such as wine, oils or garum [91], with the earliest evidence dating back to the 7th century BC [70].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
These types of reactions also act upon abietane and pimarane diterpenoids during pine tar or pitch production and during pine wood combustion.
“These types of reactions also act upon abietane and pimarane diterpenoids during pine tar or pitch production (cf. diterpenoid profile of sample Q10; [58], [70]) and during pine wood combustion [71].”
From Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
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Baeten, J., Deforce, K., Challe, S., De Vos, D., & Degryse, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113142 · Cited by 43
Analytical Techniques for Low Mass Materials: Method Development
Kandiyoti, R., Herod, A. A., & Bartle, K. D. (2006) · Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids · doi:10.1016/b978-008044486-4/50007-6 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Robinson, N., Evershed, R. P., Higgs, W. J., Jerman, K., & Eglinton, G.
- Venue
- The Analyst
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 637
- ISSN
- 0003-2654
- 1364-5528
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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