Protein intrinsic disorder and oligomericity in cell signaling

Abstract

Receptor-mediated signaling plays an important role in health and disease. Recent reports have revealed that many proteins that do not adopt globular structures under native conditions, thus termed intrinsically disordered, are involved in cell signaling. Intriguingly, physiologically relevant oligomerization of intrinsically disordered proteins has been recently observed and shown to exhibit unique biophysical characteristics. On the other hand, ligand-induced or -tuned receptor oligomerization is known to be a general feature of various cell surface receptors and to play a crucial role in signal transduction. In this work, I summarize several distinct features of protein disorder that are especially important as related to signal transduction. Further, I suggest signaling-related functional connections between intrinsic disorder, receptor and protein oligomericity and hypothesize that receptor oligomerization induced or tuned upon ligand binding outside the cell is translated across the membrane into protein oligomerization inside the cell, thus providing a general platform for receptor-mediated signaling. This structures our current multidisciplinary knowledge and views of the mechanisms governing the coupling of recognition to signal transduction and cell response. Importantly, this approach not only reveals previously unrecognized striking similarities in the basic mechanistic principles of function of numerous functionally diverse and unrelated surface membrane receptors, but also suggests the similarity between therapeutic targets, thus opening new horizons for both fundamental and clinically relevant studies.