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Scoring functions and their evaluation methods for protein-ligand docking: recent advances and future directions.
Open accessAbstract
The scoring function is one of the most important components in structure-based drug design. Despite considerable success, accurate and rapid prediction of protein-ligand interactions is still a challenge in molecular docking. In this perspective, we have reviewed three basic types of scoring functions (force-field, empirical, and knowledge-based) and the consensus scoring technique that are used for protein-ligand docking. The commonly-used assessment criteria and publicly available protein-ligand databases for performance evaluation of the scoring functions have also been presented and discussed. We end with a discussion of the challenges faced by existing scoring functions and possible future directions for developing improved scoring functions.
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“In this context, scoring functions emerge as a straightforward and fast strategy despite limited accuracy, remaining as the main alternative to be applied in VS experiments (Huang et al., 2010).”
From Empirical scoring functions for structure-based virtual screening: applications, critical aspects, and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as Huang et al., 2010
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A Computational Model of Binding Thermodynamics: The Design of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 2 Inhibitors
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Knowledge-Based Energy Functions for Computational Studies of Proteins
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Liu, H., Grinter, S. Z., & Zou, X. (2009) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp901212t · Cited by 15
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Molecular Docking and Structure-Based Drug Design Strategies
Ferreira, L. L. G., dos Santos, R. N., Oliva, G., & Andricopulo, A. D. (2015) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules200713384 · Cited by 2,722
“Scoring functions are categorized in the three following groups: force-field-based, empirical, and knowledge-based functions [56].”
BackgroundInsights into Protein–Ligand Interactions: Mechanisms, Models, and Methods
Du, X., Li, Y., Xia, Y.-L., Ai, S.-M., Liang, J., Sang, P., Ji, X., & Liu, S.-Q. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17020144 · Cited by 1,765
“Since empirical scoring functions comprise many energy terms, another challenge is how to avoid double-counting problems (over-fitting) [183].”
BackgroundMethodConcepts of Artificial Intelligence for Computer-Assisted Drug Discovery
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Role of computer-aided drug design in modern drug discovery
Macalino, S. J. Y., Gosu, V., Hong, S., & Choi, S. (2015) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-015-0640-5 · Cited by 762
“Frequently used scoring functions, as reported in several papers (Huang et al. 2010; Cheng et al. 2012; Lavecchia and Di Giovanni 2013; Liu and Wang 2015), are divided into three categories: (a) Force field - based functions calculate binding affinity derived from physical atomic contacts in the…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, S.-Y., Grinter, S. Z., & Zou, X.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zou, Xiaoqin
- Venue
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 12899
- ISSN
- 1463-9076 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-9084
- PMC
- PMC11103779
- OpenAlex
- W2038542598
- Cited by
- 508
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R21GM088517)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Drug Discovery › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis
- Keywords
- protein-ligand docking, scoring functions, knowledge-based scoring, consensus scoring, structure-based drug design, protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, benchmarking database
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Computer Simulation, Ligands, Protein Binding, Proteins, Drug Design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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