Simultaneous determination of amphetamine and related compounds in human urine using ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and gas chromatography
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) and 3,4-methylenedioxypropylamphetamine (MDPA) were extracted from human urine by using ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) method based on applying low density organic solvents followed by gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detection. Fourteen microliters of toluene was injected slowly into a 12 mL home-designed centrifuge glass vial containing a sample without salt addition that was located inside the ultrasonic water bath. The formed emulsion was centrifuged and 2 μL of separated toluene was injected into a gas chromatographic system equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for analysis. In order to improve the extraction efficiency, experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including type and volume of extraction solvent, pH value of sample, extraction time and temperature were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear dynamic range was in the range of 0.5–500 μg L−1 for MDEA and MDPA and 1.0–500 μg L−1 for MDA and MDMA with limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 μg L−1. The results indicate that the developed method is rapid, accurate and sensitive and can be used for the simultaneous determination of MDA, MDMA, MDEA and MDPA in urine samples.
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In DLLME, large surface contact between fine droplets and the analytes speeds up mass-transfer from the aqueous phase to the organic phase and greatly enhances extraction efficiency.
“In DLLME, large surface contact between fine droplets and the analytes, speeds up the processes regarding mass-transfer of analytes from aqueous phase to organic phase which greatly enhances extraction efficiency.”
Assadi et al. developed a novel microextraction technique called dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
“Assadi et al. developed a novel microextraction techinque called dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [24-26].”
Cites
Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Milani Hosseini, M.-R., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F., & Berijani, S. (2006) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.007 · Cited by 3,402 · see citing works
Self-citationMashayekhi, H. A., Abroomand-Azar, P., Saber-Tehrani, M., & Husain, S. W. (2010) · Chromatographia · doi:10.1365/s10337-009-1456-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Ferrone, V., Genovese, S., Carlucci, M., Tiecco, M., Germani, R., Preziuso, F., Epifano, F., Carlucci, G., & Taddeo, V. A. (2018) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.135 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ten years of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and derived techniques
Campillo, N., Viñas, P., Šandrejová, J., & Andruch, V. (2017) · Applied Spectroscopy Reviews · doi:10.1080/05704928.2016.1224240 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ferrone, V., Cotellese, R., Carlucci, M., Di Marco, L., & Carlucci, G. (2018) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.039 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rezaee, M., Mashayekhi, H. A., & Garmaroudi, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- Islamic Azad University Tonekabon (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Mashayekhi, Hossein Ali
- ORCID
- Rezaee, Mohammad
- Venue
- Analytical Methods
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3212
- ISSN
- 1759-9660 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-9679
- OpenAlex
- W2082196034
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Analytical Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
- Keywords
- amphetamine, MDMA, MDA, methyldiethanolamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, urine, ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction, sample preparation, simultaneous determination, extraction optimization
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