The consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat: a global assessment
Abstract
This study assesses the global consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat production for different energy sources per world region.
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Standardized estimates suggest that the water footprint of electricity consumption is approximately 2,000 m3/TJ, with variations depending on the energy source powering the electrical grid.
“Standardized estimates suggest that the WF of electricity consumption is approximately 2,000 m3/TJ, with variations depending on the energy source powering the electrical grid [101].”
From The water footprint of lithium extraction technologies: Insights from environmental impact reports in Argentina's salt flats (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
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References 47 · Cited by 308
- Authors
- Mekonnen, M. M., Gerbens-Leenes, P. W., & Hoekstra, A. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mekonnen, Mesfin M.
- Venue
- Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 285-297
- ISSN
- 2053-1400 (ISSN-L)
- 2053-1419
- OpenAlex
- W2120312961
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 15.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science Water Research & Technology (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Keywords
- electricity generation, thermogenesis, energy sources, global assessment, world regions
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