Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains and phosphoinositides
Open accessAbstract
PH (pleckstrin homology) domains represent the 11th most common domain in the human proteome. They are best known for their ability to bind phosphoinositides with high affinity and specificity, although it is now clear that less than 10% of all PH domains share this property. Cases in which PH domains bind specific phosphoinositides with high affinity are restricted to those phosphoinositides that have a pair of adjacent phosphates in their inositol headgroup. Those that do not [PtdIns3P, PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2] are instead recognized by distinct classes of domains including FYVE domains, PX (phox homology) domains, PHD (plant homeodomain) fingers and the recently identified PROPPINs (b-propellers that bind polyphosphoinositides). Of the 90% of PH domains that do not bind strongly and specifically to phosphoinositides, few are well understood. One group of PH domains appears to bind both phosphoinositides (with little specificity) and Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor) family small G-proteins, and are targeted to the Golgi apparatus where both phosphoinositides and the relevant Arfs are both present. Here, the PH domains may function as coincidence detectors. A central challenge in understanding the majority of PH domains is to establish whether the very low affinity phosphoinositide binding reported in many cases has any functional relevance. For PH domains from dynamin and from Dbl family proteins, this weak binding does appear to be functionally important, although its precise mechanistic role is unclear. In many other cases, it is quite likely that alternative binding partners are more relevant, and that the observed PH domain homology represents conservation of structural fold rather than function.
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PI3K generates PI(3,4,5)P3, a lipid with wide-ranging functions.
“The second pathway is phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) to make PI(3,4,5)P3, a lipid with wide-ranging functions.”
From Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: diverse functions at the plasma membrane (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The Background links phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling to PH domains that recognize PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and describes several proteins that bind the lipid. It does not explicitly state that PI3K generates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 or establish the lipid’s wide-ranging functions. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPLC hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2 generates IP3 and DAG.
“Phospholipase C (PLC) leads to the generation of two second messengers, inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3), known trigger for mobilising Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator for protein kinase C (PKC).”
From Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: diverse functions at the plasma membrane (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The Background discusses binding of the PLC-δ1 PH domain to PtdIns(4,5)P2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3, but does not say that PLC hydrolyses PtdIns(4,5)P2 to produce IP3 and DAG. Searches for diacylglycerol and the stated calcium-mobilisation pathway found no passage addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPI(4,5)P2 is a substrate for PLC and PI3K.
“PI(4,5)P2 is a substrate for two signalling pathways.”
From Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: diverse functions at the plasma membrane (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The Background describes PtdIns(4,5)P2 binding to the PH domain of PLC-δ1 and discusses PH-domain recruitment following activation of PI3K signaling. It does not state that PtdIns(4,5)P2 is a substrate for PLC or PI3K (searched for substrate, hydrolysis, and phosphorylation). (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIP3 mobilises Ca2+ from ER stores.
“Phospholipase C (PLC) leads to the generation of two second messengers, inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3), known trigger for mobilising Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator for protein kinase C (PKC).”
From Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: diverse functions at the plasma membrane (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The Background discusses Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to PH domains, but does not say that it mobilises Ca2+ from ER stores. Searches for calcium release, ER stores, and inositol trisphosphate as a second messenger found no passage addressing that action. No page numbers are supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDAG activates PKC.
“Phospholipase C (PLC) leads to the generation of two second messengers, inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3), known trigger for mobilising Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator for protein kinase C (PKC).”
From Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate: diverse functions at the plasma membrane (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The Background discusses PLCδ PH-domain binding to phosphoinositides and identifies pleckstrin as a PKC substrate, but it does not say that DAG activates PKC. Searches for DAG, diacylglycerol, and PKC activation found no passage addressing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Lemmon, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lemmon, Mark A.
- ORCID
- Lemmon, Mark A.
- Venue
- Biochemical Society Symposium
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2007-12-01
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81
- ISSN
- 0067-8694 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-1439
- PMC
- PMC3777418
- OpenAlex
- W2068715852
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 128.63
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Society Symposia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM056846, R01GM056846)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Keywords
- pleckstrin homology domain, phosphoinositides, phosphoinositide binding, Arf GTPases, Golgi apparatus targeting, coincidence detection, FYVE domain, PX domain, PHD finger, dynamin, low-affinity binding, protein domain evolution
- MeSH terms
- Binding Sites, Humans, Models, Molecular, Phosphatidylinositols, Protein Binding, Sensitivity and Specificity, Protein Structure, Tertiary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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