Regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise
Open accessAbstract
At the onset of exercise, signals from inside and outside the muscle cell increase the availability of carbohydrate (CHO) and fat to provide the fuel required for ATP production. CHO and fat oxidation are the dominant sources of aerobic ATP production and both pathways must be heavily upregulated during exercise to meet the increased energy demand. Within this paradigm, there is room for shifts between the proportion of energy that is provided from CHO and fat. It has long been known that increasing the availability of endogenous or exogenous CHO can increase the oxidation of CHO and decrease the oxidation of fat. The opposite is also true. While descriptive studies documenting these changes are numerous, the mechanisms regulating these shifts in fuel use in the face of constant energy demand have not been thoroughly elucidated. It would be expected, for example, that any fat‐induced shift in CHO metabolism would target the enzymes that play key roles in regulating CHO metabolism and oxidation. Inside the muscle these could include glucose uptake (GLUT4) and phosphorylation (hexokinase), glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase), glycolysis (phosphofructokinase) and conversion to acetyl CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase). The same would be expected for a CHO‐induced down regulation of fat metabolism and oxidation and might target transport of long chain fatty acids into the cell (fatty acid translocase CD36), release of fatty acids from intramuscular triacylglycerol (hormone sensitive lipase) and transport into the mitochondria (carnitine palmitoyl transferase complex). This review summarizes the work describing the interaction between CHO and fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise and presents the theories that may account for CHO/fat interaction during exercise.
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During endurance exercise, FA oxidation permits sustained exercise and delays the onset of glycogen depletion and hypoglycaemia.
“During endurance exercise, FA oxidation permits sustained exercise and delays the onset of glycogen depletion and hypoglycaemia. [136].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [136]
The Abstract says that fat-derived carbohydrate sparing would be advantageous during prolonged exercise because it could help preserve muscle glycogen while the liver maintains blood glucose. The Theory 1 section also reports reduced glycogen use with increased fatty-acid availability. Neither passage establishes that fatty-acid oxidation delays hypoglycaemia or demonstrates longer sustained exercise; the Abstract frames that benefit conditionally. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn important adaptation to endurance training is a shift in proportionate substrate utilisation from carbohydrate towards fat oxidation, mainly to preserve the limited endogenous carbohydrate stores.
“In summary, an important adaptation to endurance training is a shift in proportionate substrate utilisation from carbohydrate towards fat oxidation, mainly to preserve the limited endogenous carbohydrate stores [136].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [136]
The Abstract (page unavailable) says that greater fat oxidation can spare limited carbohydrate stores, and the Theory 1 section lists aerobic training among approaches used to alter fuel use during exercise. It does not establish that this shift is an important adaptation to endurance training or that preserving carbohydrate stores is its main purpose. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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References 62 · Cited by 117
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Spriet, L.L. & Howlett, R.A. 1999. Metabolic control of energy production during physical activity. In: D.R. Lamb & R. Murray (eds) The Metabolic Bases of Performance in Sport and Exercise, pp. 1-51.
- Authors
- Spriet, L. L., & Watt, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Spriet, L. L.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-07-16
- Volume
- 178
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443-452
- ISSN
- 0001-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-201X
- OpenAlex
- W2162088562
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, exercise metabolism, skeletal muscle, GLUT4, hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, CD36, hormone-sensitive lipase, energy metabolism regulation
- MeSH terms
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase, Energy Metabolism, Fats, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Mitochondria, NAD, Oxidation-Reduction, Protein Kinases, Exercise, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism
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