The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 116 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dry skin, moisturization and corneodesmolysis
Abstract
Synopsis The process leading to the loss of corneocytes form the skin surface is termed desquamation. In healthy skin it is an orderly and essentially invisible process whereby individual or small groups of corneocytes detach from neighbouring cells to be lost to the environment and replaced by younger cells from the deeper layers. Desquamation is carefully controlled to ensure that corneum cohesion and integrity, and hence tissue thickness, is maintained. The most important components of the corneocytes contributing towards intercellular cohesion are the corneodesmosomes and lipids. Corneodesmosomes are proteinaceous complexes which effectively rivet corneocytes together. The intercellular lipids, primarily responsible for the water barrier, also provide part of the extracellular cement. In addition, the shape of the corneocyte itself plays a role in stratum corneum cohesion. Through interdigitation along their peripheral edges, adjacent corneocytes become physically locked together, a process which reinforces the integrity of the tissue. For effective desquamation to occur corneodesmosomes must be degraded: a process catalysed by serine proteases present within the intercellular space and facilitated by subtle changes in lipid composition and phase behaviour. Ultimately, it is the availability of free water which controls corneodesmolysis. In healthy skin this proteolytic process leaves relatively few corneodesmosomes intact in the most superficial layers. By contrast, in chronic and acute dry skin conditions, corneodesmosomal degradation and hence the final stages of desquamation are perturbed, leading to the characteristic formation of visible, powdery flakes on the skin surface. The inability to degrade these structures ultimately reflects a decreased hydrolytic activity of the desquamatory enzymes, either through reduced synthesis of the enzymes, inherent loss of activity, leaching from the surface layers of the corneum or changes in the surrounding lipid‐rich microenvironment, which may indirectly reduce enzyme functionality. Increased understanding of the desquamation process is providing new insights into the mode of action of current moisturizing ingredients and is offering opportunities to develop novel therapies for preventing and correcting dry skin. Résumé Le processus conduisant à la perte des cornéocytes à la surface de la peau est appelé desquamation. Sur une peau saine c’est un processus normal et quasiment invisible par lequel des cornéocytes individuels ou par petits groupes se détachent des cellules voisines pour se perdre dans l’environnement et être remplacés par des cellules plus jeunes provenant des couches plus profondes. La desquamation est soigneusement contrôlée pour assurer le maintien de la cohésion cornée et son intégrité, et par conséquent l’épaisseur du tissu. Les composants les plus importants des cornéocytes contribuant à la cohésion intercellulaire sont les cornéodesmosomes et les lipides. Les cornéodesmosomes sont des complexes protéinés qui fixent efficacement les cornéocytes entre eux. Les lipides intercellulaires, principalement responsables de la barrière aqueuse, apportent aussi une partie du ciment extracellulaire. En outre, la forme du cornéocyte lui‐même joue un rôle dans la cohésion de la couche cornée. Par une interdigitation le long de leurs extrémités périphériques, les cornéocytes adjacents se bloquent physiquement les uns les autres, un processus qui renforce l’intégrité du tissu. Pour qu’une desquamation efficace se produise les cornéodesmosomes doivent être dégradés: un procédé catalysé par les protéases de la sérine présentes dans l’espace intercellulaire et facilité par de subtils changements dans la composition des lipides et le comportement de la phase. Enfin, c’est la disponibilité de l’eau libre qui contrôle la cornéodesmolyse. Chez les peaux saines ce procédé protéolytique laisse relativement peu de cornéodesmosomes intacts dans la plupart des couches superficielles. Au contraire, dans les cas de peau sèche aigus et chroniques, la dégradation cornéodesmosomale et donc les étapes finales de la desquamation sont perturbées, conduisant à la formation caractéristique de particules floconneuses, visibles à la surface de la peau. L’incapacitéà dégrader ces structures reflète finalement une activité hydrolytique diminuée des enzymes de desquamation, soit par synthèse réduite des enzymes, par perte inhérente d’activité, par lessivage des couches de surface de la cornée ou par modifications du milieu riche en lipides environnant, ce qui peut indirectement réduire la fonction enzymatique. Une meilleure compréhension du processus de desquamation apporte un éclairage nouveau sur le mode d’action des ingrédients hydratants actuels et donne des opportunités de développement de nouvelles thérapies pour prévenir ou traiter la peau sèche.
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Cites
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Cited by
Moisturization and skin barrier function
Rawlings, A. V., & Harding, C. R. (2004) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1005.x · Cited by 924
Stratum Corneum Defensive Functions: An Integrated View
Elias, P. M. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23668.x · Cited by 772
Liu, J.-K. (2022) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-022-00363-y · Cited by 263
Krien, P. M., & Kermici, M. (2000) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00083.x · Cited by 151
Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff
Turner, G. A., Hoptroff, M., & Harding, C. R. (2012) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00723.x · Cited by 149
Metadata
- Authors
- Harding, Watkinson, Rawlings, & Scott
- Venue
- International Journal of Cosmetic Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-52
- ISSN
- 0142-5463 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2494
- OpenAlex
- W1974511893
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 116
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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