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Rationalizing elemental ratios in unicellular algae
Abstract
The Journal of Phycology was founded in 1965 by the Phycological Society of America. All aspects of basic and applied research on algae are included to provide a common medium for the ecologist, physiologist, cell biologist, molecular biologist, morphologist, oceanographer, taxonomist, geneticist, and biochemist. The Journal also welcomes research that emphasizes algal interactions with other organisms and the roles of algae as components of natural ecosystems.
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“at an N:P ratio approximating 18, which is in a physiologically acceptable range for assessing nutrient stress [48 -51].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
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Franz, J., Hauss, H., Sommer, U., Dittmar, T., & Riebesell, U. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-4629-2012 · Cited by 28
“This hypothesis is based on the fact that the different functional compartments within a phytoplankton cell are varying in their individual nutrient demands (Falkowski, 2000; Geider and LaRoche, 2002).”
BackgroundZhang, H., Gu, B., Zhou, Y., Ma, X., Liu, T., Xu, H., Xie, Z.-X., Liu, K., Wang, D., & Xia, X. (2022) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01213-22 · Cited by 32
Carbon allocation under light and nitrogen resource gradients in two model marine phytoplankton1
Bittar, T. B., Lin, Y., Sassano, L. R., Wheeler, B. J., Brown, S. L., Cochlan, W. P., & Johnson, Z. I. (2013) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12060 · Cited by 28
Jansen, H. M., Strand, Ø., van Broekhoven, W., Strohmeier, T., Verdegem, M. C. J., & Smaal, A. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96776-9_9 · Cited by 28
“However, the stoichiometric composition of individual phytoplankton species, and therefore their nutrient requirements, may deviate from this ratio (Falkowski 2000).”
BackgroundBiotechnique for nitrogen and phosphorus removal: a possible insight
Bhambri, A., & Karn, S. K. (2020) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2020.1777991 · Cited by 27
A biosynthesis view on nutrient stress in coastal phytoplankton
Große, J., van Breugel, P., Brussaard, C. P. D., & Boschker, H. T. S. (2016) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10439 · Cited by 27
“Synthesis of RNA, especially ribosomal RNA, is a major sink for P in phytoplankton and accounts for up to half of the P uptake (Van Mooy and Devol 2008; Hessen et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialRyu, K. H., Sung, M., Kim, B., Heo, S., Chang, Y. K., & Lee, J. H. (2018) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.26744 · Cited by 27
“N N,max P,min P (10) Since cell division is dependent on the nitrogen nutrient, the inlet flow from the carbohydrate pool to the protein pool in Equation (3) ( μY Qc2C P C) can be assumed to be proportional to the nitrogen uptake term as protein has a fixed C:N ratio (Falkowski, 2000).”
BackgroundSchmidt, S. K., Johnson, B., Solon, A. J., Sommers, P. N., Darcy, J. L., Vincent, K., Vimercati, L., Fountain, A. G., & Porazinska, D. L. (2022) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-022-00900-4 · Cited by 26
“6 (C:N) which is the C:N of many aquatic bacteria (Chrzanowski and Kyle 1996) and zooplankton and phytoplankton in the oceans (Redfield 1958; Falkowski 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialLeonardos, N., & Geider, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00082.x · Cited by 26
Tracing carbon fixation in phytoplankton—compound specific and total 13C incorporation rates
Große, J., van Breugel, P., & Boschker, H. T. S. (2015) · Limnology and Oceanography Methods · doi:10.1002/lom3.10025 · Cited by 26
“:P ratios would be present in phytoplankton adapted to high growth rates, which have the resources to invest in growth machinery high in both N and P (e.g., ribosomal RNA [rRNA]) (Falkowski 2000).”
BackgroundDeriving pre-eutrophic conditions from an ensemble model approach for the North-West European seas
van Leeuwen, S. M., Lenhart, H.-J., Prins, T. C., Blauw, A., Desmit, X., Fernand, L., Friedland, R., Kerimoglu, O., Lacroix, G., van der Linden, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1129951 · Cited by 25
“Note that the Redfield ratio is an average value applicable to global oceanic conditions, and that it is subject to high variability in the short term especially in coastal waters (Falkowski, 2000).”
BackgroundGlobal-scale shifts in marine ecological stoichiometry over the past 50 years
Liu, J., Wang, H., Mou, J., Peñuelas, J., Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Martiny, A. C., Zhou, G., Hutchins, D. A., Inomura, K., Lomas, M. W., et al. (2025) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-025-01735-y · Cited by 25
Leveraging metabolomics for functional investigations in sequenced marine diatoms
Fernie, A. R., Obata, T., Allen, A. E., Araújo, W. L., & Bowler, C. (2012) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.005 · Cited by 24
Phytoplankton assemblage response to changing nutrients in Florida Bay: Results of mesocosm studies
Shangguan, Y., Glibert, P. M., Alexander, J., Madden, C. J., & Murasko, S. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2017.05.006 · Cited by 24
de Lima, D. T., Moser, G. A. O., Piedras, F. R., da Cunha, L. C., Tenenbaum, D. R., Tenório, M. M. B., Campos, M. V. P. B. D. [., Cornejo, T. D. O., & Barrera-Alba, J. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00638 · Cited by 24
“:P ratio of 16:1 (Redfield, 1958), the elemental composition of phytoplankton was not constant due to the taxonomic variety (Falkowski, 2000; Geider and La Roche, 2002; Tenenbaum et al., 2015) that essentially occurs in coastal regions (Clarke et al., 2008; Henley et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHoll, C. M., & Montoya, J. P. (2008) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00534.x · Cited by 24
“…surprising that a unialgal culture or a natural population of this diazotroph might differ from the total marine phytoplankton community upon which the Redfield ratio was based (Falkowski 2000), particularly since C:N ratios below the Redfield value are consistent with release from N limitation.”
BackgroundChapin, F., Matson, P., & Vitousek, P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9504-9_8 · Cited by 13
Solmaz, A., & Işık, M. (2019) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.04.002 · Cited by 23
Environment and Algal Nutrition
Gordillo, F. J. L. (2012) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28451-9_4 · Cited by 25
Benthic Versus Planktonic Foundations of Three Lake Superior Coastal Wetland Food Webs
Sierszen, M. E., Morrice, J. A., Moffett, M. F., & West, C. W. (2004) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/s0380-1330(04)70327-5 · Cited by 23
Kudryavtseva, E. A., Aleksandrov, S. V., Bukanova, T., Дмитриева, О. А., & Rusanov, I. I. (2019) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100862 · Cited by 22
Cytometry of Freshwater Phytoplankton
Toepel, J., Wilhelm, C., Meister, A., Becker, A., & Martínez‐Ballesta, M. D. C. (2004) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-679x(04)75015-3 · Cited by 21
Esther Elizabeth Grace, C., Briget Mary, M., Vaidyanathan, S., & Srisudha, S. (2022) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2021.120830 · Cited by 21
Increasing copper alters cellular elemental composition (Mo and P) of marine diatom
Wang, D., Xia, W., Kumar, K. S., & Gao, K. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2890 · Cited by 18
“On the other hand, the elemental stoichiometry of marine organisms may exhibit large fluxuations dependent upon physiological, ecological, biogeochemical, and evolutionary factors (Falkowski, 2000; Quigg, Irwin, & Finkel, 2011; Quigg et al., 2003; Twining & Baines, 2013).”
BackgroundBurrell, T. J., Maas, E., Hulston, D., & Law, C. S. (2017) · Aquatic Microbial Ecology · doi:10.3354/ame01819 · Cited by 20
Rigobello‐Masini, M., Masini, J. C., & Aidar, E. (2006) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00106.x · Cited by 20
Barnard, C., Frenette, J., & Vincent, W. F. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f03-103 · Cited by 20
“1993), and studies have shown that although this ratio is found in the ocean and large lakes, it can vary greatly according to transient effects on cellular physiology (Falkowski 2000).”
BackgroundIkumi, U., Sposób, M., & Tiron, O. (2023) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-023-10611-9 · Cited by 21
“Most importantly, the correlation between the N and P uptake is associated with the crucial linkage of protein and ribosomal RNA syntheses that are the major regulation for the N and P demands, respectively [31, 32].”
Sediment composition and its effect on the productivity in Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica
Choudhary, S., Nayak, G. N., Tiwari, A. K., & Khare, N. (2018) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-018-3755-4 · Cited by 19
Linking the Oceanic Biogeochemistry of Iron and Phosphorus with the Marine Nitrogen Cycle
Hutchins, D. A., & Fu, F. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-372522-6.00038-4 · Cited by 19
Regulation of Redfield ratios in the deep ocean
Auguères, A.-S., & Loreau, M. (2015) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2014gb005066 · Cited by 18
“:P ratio is a major issue in marine ecology for several decades [Falkowski, 2000].”
BackgroundBarnard, C., Frenette, J., & Vincent, W. F. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f03-161 · Cited by 18
Bolhuis, H., & Cretoiu, M. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33000-6_1 · Cited by 17
Traits influence dinoflagellate C:N:P
Carnicer, O., Irwin, A. J., & Finkel, Z. V. (2021) · European Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1080/09670262.2021.1914860 · Cited by 16
“:P in marine plankton is often assumed to be invariant at 106:16:1 and is referred to as the Redfield ratio (Redfield, 1958; Falkowski, 2000; Martiny et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPrimary Production in the Ocean
Thornton, D. C. O. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/27848 · Cited by 17
“Falkowski and Raven (2007) estimate that the amount of carbon in phytoplankton in the global ocean is between 0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMillie, D. F., Fahnenstiel, G. L., Dyble, J., Pigg, R. J., Rediske, R. R., Klarer, D. M., Litaker, R. W., & Tester, P. A. (2008) · Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management · doi:10.1080/14634980802099604 · Cited by 17
“…Bay exceeded ‘Redfield stoichiometries’ (of 16:1 and 106:1, respectively); as such, phytoplankton assemblages were severely phosphorus limited (Redfield et al., 1963; Hecky et al., 1993, Falkowski, 2000) with the likely occurrence of reduced (or no) N2fixation rates (Sanudo-Wilhelmy et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMolecular Approaches to the Nitrogen Cycle
Jenkins, B. D., & Zehr, J. P. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-372522-6.00030-x · Cited by 16
Mei, Z.-P., Finkel, Z. V., & Irwin, A. J. (2011) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps09149 · Cited by 15
“Phytoplankton nutrient quotas, e.g. of carbon (QC) and nitrogen (QN), are known to vary with light or nutrient availability, and the assimilation of C and N are not always balanced (Goldman et al. 1979, Falkowski 2000, Sterner & Elser 2002).”
BackgroundTyrrell, T. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1006/rwos.2001.0271 · Cited by 16
Chemical characterization and cycling of dissolved organic matter
Repeta, D. J., & Aluwihare, L. I. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13858-4.00011-3 · Cited by 15
Das, S., Chanda, A., Giri, S., Akhand, A., & Sugata, H. (2015) · Acta Oceanologica Sinica · doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0785-6 · Cited by 15
Coupling and decoupling of biogeochemical cycles in marine ecosystems
Hohn, S. (2009) · Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) · Cited by 16
Liu, Q., Selvaraj, K., Zhai, W., Wang, H., Veeran, Y., Gao, A., & Chen, C. A. (2022) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00627-y · Cited by 16
Buesseler, K. O. (2001) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2001.01 · Cited by 14
“Certain fundamental limits on elemental composition in organisms are set by phosphate requirements for nucleotides, nucleic acids and membranes, the nitrogen requirements of proteins and varying iron requirements as a factor in specific enzymes of metabolism (Falkowski, 2000).”
BackgroundTrophic Interactions Between Phytoplankton and Bivalve Aquaculture
Wikfors, G. H. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9780470960967.ch5 · Cited by 13
Changes in nutrient stoichiometry in responding to diatom growth in cyclonic eddies
Zhou, K., Xu, Y., Kao, S., Xiu, P., Wan, X. S., Huang, B., Liu, X., Du, C., Sun, J., Sun, Z., et al. (2023) · Geoscience Letters · doi:10.1186/s40562-023-00269-8 · Cited by 11
“It is considered as a foundation of ocean biogeochemistry, and also reflects the utilization of dissolved nutrients by marine phytoplankton (Falkowski 2000; Redfield 1958).”
BackgroundYin, K., Liu, H., & Harrison, P. J. H. (2017) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-14-2469-2017 · Cited by 11
“Based on the resource allocation theory, the third proposed mechanism is the “growth rate hypothesis”, which states that the elemental stoichiometry within a cell is controlled by the biochemical allocation of resources to different growth strategies (Falkowski, 2000; Elser et al., 2003; Klausmeier et al., 2004).”
BackgroundKhôi, C. M., Gương, V. T., & Merckx, R. (2006) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.050 · Cited by 11
“Logically, the relationship between the growth of algae and the acquisition of N and P is causal: photosynthesis to build algal biomass requires large amounts of proteins, henceN,while protein synthesis requires rRNA, hence P (Falkowski, 2000; Agren, 2004).”
BackgroundNon-Redfield, nutrient synergy and flexible internal elemental stoichiometry in a marine bacterium
Trautwein, K., Feenders, C., Hulsch, R., Ruppersberg, H. S., Strijkstra, A., Kant, M., Vagts, J., Wünsch, D., Michalke, B., Maczka, M., et al. (2017) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fix059 · Cited by 10
“As noted later, this canonical concept of constant elemental ratios did not consider nutrient cycling (including availability of iron) and phytoplankton diversity (Falkowski 2000), nor differences between oceanic provinces and aquatic ecosystems, where nutrient concentrations and N”
Influence of fuel oil on Platymonas helgolandica: An acute toxicity evaluation to amino acids
Li, N., Liu, Y., Liang, Z., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., & Wang, G. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116226 · Cited by 10
Darmawan, M., Zamani, N. P., Irianto, H. E., & Madduppa, H. H. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis · doi:10.29244/jitkt.v14i2.37745 · Cited by 10
Turner, E. L., Paudel, B., & Montagna, P. A. (2015) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.005 · Cited by 9
“As defined, the typical N:P ratio of an aquatic system is thought to be in balance when it is near 16:1 as this is the optimal ratio for phytoplankton growth (Redfield, 1958; Falkowski, 2000).”
BackgroundÔlsen, Y., Reinertsen, H. R., Sommer, U. J., & Vadstein, Ô. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.028 · Cited by 9
Große, J., Nöthig, E., Torres‐Valdés, S., & Engel, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.684675 · Cited by 8
“…or P, the Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 9 July 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 684675 FIGURE 7 | PCA plot of different size fractions in PAA (A) and PCHO (B). further synthesis of Glc into AA, structural lipids or DNA/RNA is limited, reducing community growth rates (Falkowski, 2000).”
BackgroundEcophysiology of picophytoplankton in different water masses of the northern Bering Sea
Zhang, F., Lin, L., Gao, Y., Cao, S., & He, J. (2015) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1860-3 · Cited by 8
“They probably decreased their cellular volume in response to a temperature increase (Woods et al. 2003; Finkel et al. 2007; Forster et al. 2013) and macronutrient decrease (Falkowski 2000; Hessen et al. 2010) as well as N/P and Si/P declines (Woods et al. 2003).”
BackgroundBiological Stoichiometry: The Elements at the Heart of Biological Interactions
Cherif, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/34528 · Cited by 7
“Although constant at the scale of ocean basins, the Redfield ratio is thus probably the result of several processes rather than a fixed property of the phytoplankton (Falkowski 2000; Geider & La Roche 2002; Klausmeier et al. 2004).”
BackgroundFu, L., Yan, G., Li, Y., Li, Q., & Zhou, D. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09495-5 · Cited by 7
“This study supplied excessive P (referred to Chlorella cell compositions, C106N16P1) to all protocols at different frequencies (Falkowski 2000).”
BackgroundSerre‐Fredj, L., Chasselin, L., Jolly, O., Jacqueline, F., & Claquin, P. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114487 · Cited by 6
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Acclimation by diverse phytoplankton species determines oceanic carbon to nitrogen ratios
Masuda, Y., Yamanaka, Y., Smith, S. L., Hirata, T., Nakano, H., Oka, A., Sumata, H., & Aita, M. N. (2023) · Limnology and Oceanography Letters · doi:10.1002/lol2.10304 · Cited by 5
“On the other hand, experimental and observational studies show that the phytoplankton CN ratio deviates substantially from the Redfield ratio (Falkowski 2000; Geider and La Roche 2002).”
BackgroundFumenia, A., Loisel, H., Reynolds, R. A., & Stramski, D. (2025) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-22-2461-2025 · Cited by 5
Organic Matter is more than CH2O
Middelburg, J. J. (2019) · SpringerBriefs in earth system sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10822-9_6 · Cited by 5
“The original Redfield ratio has been extended to include other elements and heterotrophic organisms (ecological stoichiometry) and has been related to cellular level and global scale processes (Falkowski 2000; Sterner and Elser 2002; Box 6.1).”
BackgroundInfluentialWan, Z., Bi, H., She, J., Maar, M., & Jonasson, L. (2012) · doi:10.5194/osd-9-385-2012 · Cited by 5
“The average phytoplankton stoichiometry is one of important features of ecosystems, which determines multiple nutrient cycles (Redfield, 1934 and 1958; Falkowski, 2000; Klausmeier et al., 2004a,b, 2007; Weber and Deutsch, 2010).”
BackgroundFood quality regulates the metabolism and reproduction of Temora longicornisPreprint
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“However, the15 N : P ratio of marine particulate matter can vary from ∼ 5 : 1 to ∼ 34 : 1 due to temporal and spatial changes in inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton community structure (Falkowski, 2000; Geider and LaRoche, 2002).”
BackgroundKovač, N., Viers, J., Faganeli, J., Bajt, O., & Сергеевич, П. О. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13060726 · Cited by 4
“Thus, it has long been known that, while trace metals’ biogeochemical cycles could be directly or indirectly driven by the phytoplankton metabolism [32,33], different taxonomic groups from a comparable environment could be characterized by different elemental compositions/stoichiometry [29,34,35].”
BackgroundTwo‐way interactions between ocean biota and climate mediated by biogeochemical cycles
Gildor, H., & Follows, M. J. (2002) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1560/qvpd-ywj1-ja22-xmde · Cited by 4
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“The ratio of elementary nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff is significantly higher than in typical phytoplankton material: the dissolved inorganic N/P ratio by weight in runoff is 20–30 (Pitkänen & Tamminen, 1995), whereas the canonical Redfield ratio for N/P is 7 (Falkowski, 2000).”
BackgroundNoga, P. M. B., de Vernal, A., da Silva, D. M. L., & Gomes, D. F. (2024) · Marine Micropaleontology · doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2024.102424 · Cited by 3
Aplicação das concentrações e proporções de nutrientes no diagnóstico da eutrofização
de Souza, J. S., Pedrosa, P., Gatts, P. V., & Gravina, G. D. A. (2014) · Vértices · doi:10.5935/1809-2667.20140013 · Cited by 3
“Falkowski (2000) apontou que a razão de Redfield está longe de ser constante e tem sido abraçada por ecologistas aquáticos como informação mais conveniente do que garantida.”
BackgroundComposición florística y diversidad de diatomeas bentónicas del lago Chalco, México
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Intracellular gene transfer and codon usage of cytoplasmic genomes in green plants
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Particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of south west Florida waters
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Microalgal vegetation in the selected Mangrove Ecosystems of Kerala
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Strategic approach for enhanced biological phosphate removal process
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Benthic diatom response to short-term acidification and warming influenced by grazing and nutrients
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“However, recent data provide evidence that experi mentally determined elemental ratios often differ sig nificantly from those expected theoretically (Falkowski, 2000).”
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Physiology of Photosynthetic Autotrophs in Present-Day Environments
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Xu, K. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0201.v5 · Cited by 1
Carbon to nutrient ratios in marine systems: understanding natural variability
Frigstad, H. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
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Zimmerman, N. L. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
de Souza, J. S., Pedrosa, P., Gatts, P. V., & Gravina, G. D. A. (2014)
Marine nitrogen fixation: what's the fuss? Commentary
Capone, D. G. (2001)
(2013) · doi:10.1201/b14753-15
An Examination of the Cellular Partitioning of Phosphorus in Freshwater Phytoplankton
Duckworth, R. M. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Physiological Ecology of Nutrient Acquisition in Animals
Skopec, M. M. (2014) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0070
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Harlin, H. (2019) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Falkowski, P. G.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Falkowski, Paul G.
- ORCID
- Falkowski, Paul G.
- Venue
- Journal of Phycology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-02-09
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-6
- ISSN
- 0022-3646 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-8817
- OpenAlex
- W2094399902
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Phycology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- elemental ratios, unicellular algae, elemental composition, microalgae, trace elements, macroelements
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