The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pain and Quality of Life
Abstract
Abstract: This paper deals with the impact of pain on quality of life (QOL). Two major factors have contributed to the enhanced importance of QOL in recent years: the increasing frequency of pain and the resources devoted to its treatment, and the growing theoretical insight that pain affects the person as a whole. QOL is defined as the person's evaluation of his or her well‐being and functioning in different life domains. It is a subjective, phenomenological, multidimensional, dynamic, evaluative, and yet quantifiable, construct. Commonly used scales for its assessment (eg, WHOQOL, SF‐36) are described. Studies show that pain affects most domains of QOL, primarily physical and emotional functioning. The effect depends on the extent, duration, acuteness, intensity, affectivity, and meaning of the pain as well as on the underlying disease and the individual's characteristics. QOL is sensitive also to the treatment of pain and treatment modalities, as shown particularly by studies on cancer pain. Pain reduction is not always attended by the expected improvement in QOL. Pain is not synonymous with poor QOL and constitutes only one important factor determining QOL. The main conclusions are that treatment of pain should be multidisciplinary, considering the impact of pain and the treatment on QOL and targetting also improvement of the affected domains of QOL.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Consistent with other research, when the pain is continuous and uncontrolled, it has a detrimental effect on every aspect of the patient’s life [53, 54]: (1) interferes with the ability to function; (2) hinders the ability to play social and professional roles; and (3) reduces the person’s independence.”
From Psychological variables associated with quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: the role of body image distress (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Citations
Cites
Aaronson, N. K., Ahmedzai, S., Bergman, B., Bullinger, M., Cull, A., Duez, N. J., Filiberti, A., Flechtner, H., Fleishman, S. B., Haes, J. C. J. M. D., et al. (1993) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/85.5.365 · Cited by 16,005
(1995) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-k · Cited by 7,643
The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods
Melzack, R. (1975) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5 · Cited by 6,873
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Rachel Lu, J. F., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199401000-00004 · Cited by 4,458
The MOS Short-form General Health Survey: Reliability and Validity in a Patient Population
Stewart, A. L., Hays, R. D., & Ware, J. E. (1988) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198807000-00007 · Cited by 3,339
The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study
Wells, K. B. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.7.914 · Cited by 2,826
The Functioning and Well-being of Depressed Patients: Results From the Medical Outcomes Study
Wells, K. B. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430070062031 · Cited by 2,130
Pain and Its Treatment in Outpatients with Metastatic Cancer
Cleeland, C. S., Gonin, R., Hatfield, A. K., Edmonson, J. H., Blum, R. H., Stewart, J. A., & Pandya, K. J. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199403033300902 · Cited by 2,019
Benjamin, S. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90012-4 · Cited by 2,001
WHOQOL Group (1993) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/bf00435734 · Cited by 1,462
The SF36 health survey questionnaire: an outcome measure suitable for routine use within the NHS?
Garratt, A., Ruta, D. A., Abdalla, M., Buckingham, J. K., & Russell, I. T. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6890.1440 · Cited by 1,153
Sprangers, M. A. G., & Aaronson, N. K. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90052-o · Cited by 1,076
Evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents
A.R.L. (1950) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(50)90056-8 · Cited by 1,007
Assessment of quality of life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapies
WENGER, N. K., Mattson, M. E., Furberg, C. D., & Elinson, J. (1984) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(84)80232-5 · Cited by 986
Measuring health status: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists.
Hunt, S. M., McEwen, J., & McKenna, S. P. (1985) · PubMed Central · Cited by 866
Fayers, P. M., & Machin, D. (2000) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470846283 · Cited by 769
The Control of Pain in Peripheral Tissue by Opioids
Stein, C. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199506223322506 · Cited by 733
The SF-36 Health Survey: Development and Use in Mental Health Research and the IQOLA Project
Ware, J. E., & Gandek, B. (1994) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.1994.11449283 · Cited by 599
Coyle, N., Adelhardt, J., Foley, K. M., & Portenoy, R. K. (1990) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(05)80021-1 · Cited by 542
Quality of life: Concepts and definition
Cella, D. F. (1994) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/0885-3924(94)90129-5 · Cited by 533
Assessment of quality of life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapies
Aaronson, N. K. (1985) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(85)90107-2 · Cited by 476
The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population.
Croft, P. R., Rigby, A. S., Boswell, R., Schollum, J. B. W., & Silman, A. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 474
Becker, N., Thomsen, A. B., Olsen, A. K., Sjøgren, P., Bech, P., & Eriksen, J. (1997) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00126-7 · Cited by 425
Dimenäs, E., Glise, H., Hallerbäck, B., Hernqvist, H., Svedlund, J., & Wiklund, I. E. (1993) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365529309098272 · Cited by 422
A Modular Approach to Quality-of-Life Assessment in Cancer Clinical Trials
Aaronson, N. K., Bullinger, M., & Ahmedzai, S. H. (1988) · Recent results in cancer research/Recent Results in Cancer Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83419-6_27 · Cited by 409
Chronic pain and depression: toward a cognitive-behavioral mediation model
Rudy, T. E., Kerns, R. D., & Turk, D. C. (1988) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90220-5 · Cited by 370
Mark, D. B., Naylor, C. D., Hlatky, M. A., Califf, R. M., Topol, E. J., Granger, C. B., Knight, J. D., Nelson, C. L., Lee, K. L., Clapp‐Channing, N. E., et al. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199410273311706 · Cited by 344
State of science 1986: Quality of life and functional status as target variables for research
Spitzer, W. O. (1987) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90002-6 · Cited by 335
Chung, E. B., & Enzinger, F. M. (1987) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19870901)60:5 · Cited by 315
Investigating the relationship between pain and discomfort and quality of life, using the WHOQOL
Skevington, S. M. (1998) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00072-4 · Cited by 299
Pain and quality of life after minimally invasive versus conventional cardiac surgery
Walther, T., Falk, V., Metz, S., Diegeler, A., Battellini, R. R., Autschbach, R., & Mohr, F. W. (1999) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00284-2 · Cited by 261
Neglected topics in chronic pain treatment outcome studies: determination of success
Turk, D., Rudy, T., & Sorkin, B. A. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90049-u · Cited by 245
The Concept of Quality of Life
Hörnquist, J. O. (1982) · Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine · doi:10.1177/140349488201000204 · Cited by 237
Head and Neck Cancer--Specific Quality of Life: Instrument Validation
Terrell, J. E., Nanavati, K. A., Esclamado, R. M., Bishop, J. K., Bradford, C. R., & Wolf, G. T. (1997) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1997.01900100101014 · Cited by 212
Kawamata, M., Ishitani, K., Ishikawa, K., Sasaki, H., Ota, K., Omote, K., & Namiki, A. (1996) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(95)00189-1 · Cited by 199
The secondary prevention of low back pain: a controlled study with follow-up
Linton, S. J., Bradley, L. A., Jensen, I. B., Spangfort, E., & Sundell, L. (1989) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90024-9 · Cited by 198
Quality of life of 125 adults surviving 6–18 years after bone marrow transplantation
Bush, N. E., Haberman, M., Donaldson, G. W., & Sullivan, K. M. (1995) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)00153-k · Cited by 196
Leidig‐Bruckner, G., Minne, H. W., Schlaich, C. C., Wagner, G. J., Scheidt‐Nave, C., Bruckner, T. M., Gebest, H. J., & Ziegler, R. (1997) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.4.663 · Cited by 194
Underestimation and undertreatment of pain in HIV disease: multicentre study
Larue, F., Fontaine, A., & Colleau, S. M. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7073.23 · Cited by 192
The socioeconomic impact of chronic pain
Latham, J., & Davis, B. (1994) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638289409166435 · Cited by 162
The Nottingham Health Profile--a measure of health-related quality of life.
Wiklund, I. E. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 137
Arnold, L. M., Witzeman, K. A., Swank, M. L., McElroy, S. L., & Keck, P. E. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00042-7 · Cited by 132
The Symptom Burden of Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients
Desbiens, N. A., Mueller‐Rizner, N., Connors, A. F., Wenger, N. S., & Lynn, J. (1999) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(98)00149-3 · Cited by 125
Cook, N. R., Stampfer, M. J., Ma, J., Manson, J. E., Sacks, F. M., Buring, J. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1999) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19991101)86:9 · Cited by 121
The effects of pain severity on health-related quality of life: a study of Chinese cancer patients.
Wang, X. S., Cleeland, C. S., Mendoza, T. R., Engstrom, M. C., Liu, S., Xu, G., Hao, X., Wang, Y., & Ren, X. S. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 120
Association between educational level and health related quality of life in Spanish adults.
Regidor, E., Barrio, G., de la Fuente, L., Domingo‐Salvany, A., Rodriguez, C. B., & Alonso, J. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.53.2.75 · Cited by 120
Guidelines and caveats for quality of life measurement in clinical practice and research.
Schipper, H. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 110
Wagner, T. H., Patrick, D. L., Galer, B. S., & Berzon, R. A. (1996) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3608484.x · Cited by 93
Kb, H., Tk, K., & Bjørndal, A. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 93
Omvik, P., Thaulow, E., Herland, O. B., Eide, I. A., Midha, R., & Turner, R. R. (1993) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199301000-00015 · Cited by 92
Cardiac failure: Symptoms and functional status
Mayou, R., Blackwood, R., Bryant, B., & Garnham, J. C. (1991) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(91)90035-m · Cited by 86
Existential consequences of unrelieved cancer pain
Strang, P. M. (1997) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/026921639701100406 · Cited by 83
Effect of Guided Imagery on Quality of Life for Patients With Chronic Tension‐Type Headache
Mannix, L. K., Chandurkar, R. S., Rybicki, L. A., Tusek, D. L., & Solomon, G. D. (1999) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1999.3905326.x · Cited by 77
PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE FOLLOWING RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY
Haythornthwaite, J. A., Raja, S. N., Fisher, B., Frank, S. M., Brendler, C. B., & Shir, Y. (1998) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62400-5 · Cited by 75
Pain and health related quality of life after heart, kidney, and liver transplantation
Forsberg, A., Lorenzon, U., Nilsson, F. N., & Bäckmana, L. (1999) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0012.1999.130603.x · Cited by 63
CRESSWELL, S. M., English, P., Hall, R. R., ROBERT, J. T., & Marsh, M. M. (1995) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07715.x · Cited by 61
Pain and quality of life: clinical issues and implications for research.
Rk, P. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 61
Life satisfaction and health in cancer patients, orthopedic patients and healthy individuals
Kreitler, S., Chaitchik, S., Rapoport, Y., Kreitler, H., & Algor, R. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90415-z · Cited by 59
Self-citationCorrelates of health-related quality of life in upper aerodigestive tract cancer patients
Allison, P. J., Locker, D., Wood-Dauphinée, S., Black, M. J., & Feine, J. S. (1998) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1008880816543 · Cited by 57
Transdermal fentanyl in cancer pain
Ahmedzai, S. H., Allen, E. A., & Fallon, M. (1994) · Cited by 53
Otto, R. A., Lawrence, V. A., Dobie, R. A., & Sakai, C. S. (1997) · Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology · doi:10.1177/000348949710600815 · Cited by 53
Quality of Life and Pain in Patients With Recurrent Breast and Gynecologic Cancer
Rummans, T. A., Frost, M. H., Suman, V. J., Taylor, M. D., Novotny, P. J., Gendron, T., Johnson, R., Hartmann, L. C., Dose, A. M., & Evans, R. W. (1998) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(98)71303-9 · Cited by 52
Opioid-Induced Emesis Among Hospitalized Nonsurgical Patients
Aparasu, R. R., McCoy, R. A., Weber, C., Mair, D., & Parasuraman, T. V. (1999) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00085-8 · Cited by 51
Gourlay, G. K., Plummer, J. L., Cherry, D. A., Onley, M. M., Parish, K. A., Wood, M. M., & Cousins, M. J. (1991) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(91)90196-5 · Cited by 50
Quality of life following third molar removal: a patient versus professional perspective
Ogden, G. R., Bissias, E., Ruta, D. A., & Ogston, S. (1998) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4809827 · Cited by 50
Atienza, F., Velasco, J. A., Ridocci, F., Brown, S., & Kaski, J. C. (1999) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960220406 · Cited by 49
Passchier, J., de Boo, M., Quaak, H. Z. A., & Brienen, J. A. (1996) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3609556.x · Cited by 49
Payne, R. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 48
Continuing care: a major issue in cancer pain management
Ventafridda, V. (1989) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90018-3 · Cited by 47
Quality of Life in Behavioral Medicine Research
de Leon, C. F. M. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199609000-00017 · Cited by 44
Fawzy, F. I., Fawzy, N. W., & Wheeler, J. G. (1996) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(199606)5:2 · Cited by 41
Acute neuropsychiatric findings in a patient receiving fentanyl for cancer pain
Bruera, E. D., & Pereira, J. (1997) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(96)03238-1 · Cited by 39
McLachlan, S., Devins, G. M., & Goodwin, P. J. (1999) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1008939818096 · Cited by 35
Managing the Chronic Pain Patient
Fields, H. L. (1989) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90280-7 · Cited by 32
Cuijpers, P., van Lammeren, P., & Duzijn, B. (1999) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610299006067 · Cited by 32
Lipton, S. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6665.37 · Cited by 27
What do cancer patients?? spouses know about the patients?
Chaitchik, S., Kreitler, S., Rapoport, Y., & Algor, R. (1992) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/00002820-199210000-00005 · Cited by 21
Self-citationFears aroused in patients by migraine.
Blau, J. N. (1984) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6424.1126 · Cited by 21
Boureau, F., Saudubray, F., d’Arnoux, C., Vedrenne, J., Estève, M., Roquefeuil, B., Siou, D. K. A., Brunet, R., Ranchère, J. Y., Roussel, P., et al. (1992) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/0885-3924(92)90018-d · Cited by 21
Comparative View of the Socioeconomic Impact of Migraine versus Low Back Pain
Dartigues, J. F., Michel, P., Lindoulsi, A., Dubroca, B., & Henry, P. (1998) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102498018s2107 · Cited by 21
Zhao, S. Z., Dedhiya, S. D., Bocanegra, T. S., Fort, J. G., Kuss, M. E., & Rush, S. M. (1999) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(00)88279-x · Cited by 15
Opiáceo intratecal na dor crônica não neoplásica: alívio e qualidade de vida
Pimenta, C. A. D. M., Teixeira, M. J., Corrêa, C. F., Müller, F. S., Goes, F. C. G., & Marcon, R. M. (1998) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x1998000300008 · Cited by 8
Anticipating Barriers in Pain‐Management Research
Carpenter, J. S., Sloan, P. A., & Andrykowski, M. A. (1999) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00459.x · Cited by 2
Pain Site: How Much Does it Matter?
Kreitler, S., Gohar, H., Ezer, T., Niv, D., & Eldar, A. (1996) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/g4ju-bt7t-xt4d-63n3 · Cited by 2
Self-citationUses of Information about Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with AIDS and Cancer
Cleary, P. D. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9570-7_9 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Livingston WK, 1998, Pain and Suffering
- Loeser JD, 1996, Pain Treatment at a Crossroads: A practical and conceptual reappraisal. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Vol. 7, 101
- Cella D, 1998, Psycho Oncology., 1135
- Kovner F Kreitler S Inbar M. The effect of palliative radiotherapy on the emotional state and psychological quality of life in advanced cancer patients. Annals of Oncol (in press).
- Stultz MR, 1999, Quality of life, function, and pain relief attributed to two types of spinal cord stimulation system: Results of a patient survey., Pain Digest, 9, 348
- Jacox A, 1994, Clinical practice guidelines (No. 9): Management of cancer pain.
- Kreitler S, 1999, Pain characteristics and their psychosocial and clinical correlates., The Pain Clinic, 11, 313
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia
de Toledo, I. P., Réus, J. C., Fernandes, M., Porporatti, A. L., Peres, M. A., Takaschima, A. K. K., Linhares, M. N., Guerra, E. N. S., & Canto, G. D. L. (2016) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2016.02.014 · Cited by 223
Domains of Chronic Low Back Pain and Assessing Treatment Effectiveness: A Clinical Perspective
Tagliaferri, S. D., Miller, C. T., Owen, P. J., Mitchell, U. H., Brisby, H., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Massé‐Alarie, H., Oosterwijck, J. V., & Belavý, D. L. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12846 · Cited by 240
Dualé, C., Ouchchane, L., Schoeffler, P., Soule-Sonneville, S., Decoene, C., Baylot, D., Lefebvre-Kuntz, D., Reynier, P., Sokolo, B., Niccolai, P., et al. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.014 · Cited by 157
Determinants of quality of life in individuals with chronic low back pain: a systematic review
Tom, A. A., Rajkumar, E., Romate, J., & George, A. J. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2021.2022487 · Cited by 157
Perioperative ketamine does not prevent chronic pain after thoracotomy
Dualé, C., Sibaud, F., Guastella, V., Vallet, L., Gimbert, Y., Taheri, H., Filaire, M., Schoeffler, P., & Dubray, C. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.013 · Cited by 141
Metadata
- Authors
- Niv, D., & Kreitler, S.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Kreitler, Shulamith
- ORCID
- Kreitler, Shulamith
- Venue
- Pain Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 150-161
- ISSN
- 1530-7085 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-2500
- OpenAlex
- W1997641100
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pain Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- pain, quality of life, pain scales, WHOQOL, SF-36, cancer pain, pain management, multidisciplinary pain management, physical function, emotional functioning, pain intensity and duration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review