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A box-fitting algorithm in the search for periodic transits
Open accessAbstract
We study the statistical characteristics of a box-fitting algorithm to analyze stellar photometric time series in the search for periodic transits by extrasolar planets. The algorithm searches for signals characterized by a periodic alternation between two discrete levels, with much less time spent at the lower level. We present numerical as well as analytical results to predict the possible detection significance at various signal parameters. It is shown that the crucial parameter is the effective signal-to-noise ratio – the expected depth of the transit divided by the standard deviation of the measured photometric average within the transit. When this parameter exceeds the value of 6 we can expect a significant detection of the transit. We show that the box-fitting algorithm performs better than other methods available in the astronomical literature, especially for low signal-to-noise ratios.
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“An optimized detection algorithm to search for transits is the Transit Least Squares (TLS) algorithm (Hippke & Heller 2019), which improves on the classical Box Least Squares transit searching algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002).”
From A search for transiting companions in the J1407 (V1400 Cen) system (2021) · cites this paper as Kovács et al. 2002
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Cites
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Items 501–600 of 996
Detecting Exoplanet Transits through Machine-learning Techniques with Convolutional Neural Networks
Chintarungruangchai, P., & Jiang, I. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab13d3 · Cited by 22
“Shallue & Vanderburg (2018) employed deep learning to vet the signals which were first detected by the Box-Least-Square algorithm (Kovacs et al. 2002) and successfully discovered new transits from Kepler light curves.”
Eylen, V. V., Nowak, G., Albrecht, S. H., Palle, E., Ribas, I., Bruntt, H., Perger, M., Gandolfi, D., Hirano, T., Sanchis-Ojeda, R., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/820/1/56 · Cited by 21
“Tosearch for transit events we subsequently run a “box least square” search on the light curves (Kov´acs et al. 2002), which detects periodic transit-like events 4 .”
K2-140b – an eccentric 6.57 d transiting hot Jupiter in Virgo
Giles, H., Bayliss, D., Espinoza, N., Brahm, R., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Shporer, A., Armstrong, D. J., Lovis, C., Udry, S., Bouchy, F., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3300 · Cited by 21
“To search for planetary transits, we used a python-wrapped1 version of the BLS routine (Kovács et al. 2002) to initially search for any significant signals and then a second time focused on the signal of interest to determine the transit parameters as accurately as possible.”
MethodMahadevan, S., Stefánsson, G., Robertson, P. M., Terrien, R. C., Ninan, J. P., Holcomb, R. J., Halverson, S., Cochran, W. D., Kanodia, S., Ramsey, L. W., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abe2b2 · Cited by 21
Bódi, A., & Hajdu, T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac082c · Cited by 21
The detection of transiting exoplanets by Gaia
Panahi, A., Zucker, S., Clementini, G., Audard, M., Binnenfeld, A., Cusano, F., Evans, D. W., Gomel, R., Holl, B., Ilyin, I. V., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243497 · Cited by 21
Self-citationMEASURING THE NUMBER OF M DWARFS PER M DWARF USING KEPLER ECLIPSING BINARIES
Shan, Y., Johnson, J., & Morton, T. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/813/1/75 · Cited by 16
HATS-31B THROUGH HATS-35B: FIVE TRANSITING HOT JUPITERS DISCOVERED BY THE HATSOUTH SURVEY*
de Val-Borro, M., Bakos, G. Á., Brahm, R., Hartman, J. D., Espinoza, N., Penev, K., Ciceri, S., Jordán, A., Bhatti, W. A., Csubry, Z., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/161 · Cited by 21
“We searched the light curves for periodic boxshaped signals using the Box-fitting Least-Squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) algorithm, and detected periodic transit signals in the light curves as shown in Figure 1.”
MethodAn automated method to detect transiting circumbinary planets
Windemuth, D., Agol, E., Carter, J., Ford, E. B., Haghighipour, N., Orosz, J. A., & Welsh, W. F. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2637 · Cited by 20
“Previous work on transiting CBP detection addressed TTVs either by using a modified Box-fitting Least-Square (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) with a large, variable width (Armstrong et al. 2014; Klagyivik et al. 2017), or by directly correcting for binary motion and then applying a periodic search…”
MethodNEMESIS: Exoplanet Transit Survey of Nearby M-dwarfs in TESS FFIs. I.
Feliz, D. L., Plavchan, P. P., Bianco, S. N., Jimenez, M., Collins, K. I., Alvarado, B. V., & Stassun, K. G. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abedb3 · Cited by 21
“By identifying instrumental systematics with methods such as PLD, the rate of false-positive detections can be decreased for period-searching algorithms such as boxfitting least squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002).”
MethodBoisse, I., Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Penev, K., Csubry, Z., Béky, B., Latham, D. W., Bieryla, A., Torres, G., Kovács, G., et al. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220993 · Cited by 21
“The data were processed and searched for transits following the procedure of Bakos et al. (2010), see also Kovács et al. (2002, 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationConroy, K. E., Prša, A., Stassun, K. G., Bloemen, S., Parvizi, M., Quarles, B., Boyajian, T., Barclay, T., Shporer, A., Latham, D. W., et al. (2014) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/678953 · Cited by 20
“…EB systems that exhibited at least three subsequent eclipse events are determined by computing a periodogram for each detrended light curve using BLS (Kovács et al. 2002), manually adjusting the correct period if necessary, and setting BJD0 so that the deeper eclipse is placed at zero phase.”
MethodHartman, J. D., Quinn, S. N., Bakos, G. Á., Torres, G., Kovács, G., Latham, D. W., Noyes, R. W., Shporer, A., Fulton, B. J., Esquerdo, G. A., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa844 · Cited by 20
“Candidate transits were identified using the boxfitting least-squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) procedure.”
MethodSelf-citationHATS-47b, HATS-48Ab, HATS-49b, and HATS-72b: Four Warm Giant Planets Transiting K Dwarfs*
Hartman, J. D., Jordán, A., Bayliss, D., Bakos, G. Á., Bento, J. D. S., Bhatti, W. A., Brahm, R., Csubry, Z., Espinoza, N., Henning, T. K., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab7821 · Cited by 20
“2m (Coralie), ATT (WiFeS), Magellan:Clay (PFS), VLT (ESPRESSO), NTT (Astralux Sur), SOAR, Gaia, Exoplanet Archive Software: FITSH (Pál 2012), BLS (Kovács et al. 2002), VARTOOLS (Hartman & Bakos 2016), CERES (Brahm et al. 2017a), ZASPE (Brahm et al. 2017b), SPEX-tool (Cushing et al. 2004; Vacca et…”
MethodInfluentialA quarter century of spectroscopic monitoring of the nearby M dwarf Gl 514
Damasso, M., Perger, M., Almenara, J. M., Nardiello, D., Pérez-Torres, M. Á., Sozzetti, A., Hara, N., Quirrenbach, A., Bonfils, X., Osorio, M. R. Z., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243522 · Cited by 20
Fernandes, R. B., Mulders, G. D., Pascucci, I., Bergsten, G. J., Koskinen, T., Hardegree-Ullman, K. K., Pearson, K. A., Giacalone, S., Zink, J. K., Ciardi, D. R., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7b29 · Cited by 20
“For more details, see Kovács et al. (2002) ten found residuals at orbital periods similar (∼20”
BackgroundPlatoSim: an end-to-end PLATO camera simulator for modelling high-precision space-based photometry
Jannsen, N., Ridder, J. D., Seynaeve, D., Regibo, S., Huygen, R., Royer, P., Paproth, C., Grießbach, D., Samadi, R., Reese, D. R., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346701 · Cited by 20
An Earth-sized Planet on the Verge of Tidal Disruption
Dai, F., Howard, A. W., Halverson, S., Orell-Miquel, J., Πάλλη, Ε., Isaacson, H. T., Fulton, B. J., Price, E. M., Plotnykov, M., Rogers, L. A., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad5a7d · Cited by 24
“We searched the detrended light curve with our own Box-Least-Square code (BLS, Kovács et al. 2002) that was used in previous works (e.g. Dai et al. 2021).”
MethodThe M 4 Core Project with HST – III. Search for variable stars in the primary field★
Nascimbeni, V., Bedin, L. R., Heggie, D. C., van den Berg, M., Giersz, M., Piotto, G., Brogaard, K., Bellini, A., Milone, A. P., Rich, R. M., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu930 · Cited by 20
Hebb, L., Stempels, H. C., Aigrain, S., Cameron, A. C., Hodgkin, S. T., Irwin, J. M., Maxted, P. F. L., Pollacco, D., Street, R. A., Wilson, D. M., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014059 · Cited by 20
“The light curves, which weredetrended along with other stars in the field using the SysRem algorithm (Tamuz et al., 2005), were then run through our implementation of the box least squares (BLS) algorithm (Kovács et al., 2002; Collier Cameron et al., 2006).”
MethodBrahm, R., Hartman, J. D., Jordán, A., Bakos, G. Á., Espinoza, N., Rabus, M., Bhatti, W. A., Penev, K., Sarkis, P., Suc, V., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa898 · Cited by 20
“The light curves thus generated were corrected for systematic signals using the Trend Filtering Algorithm (TFA, Kovács et al. 2005) and then the Box Least Squares (BLS, Kovács et al. 2002) method was applied to identify periodic transit-like features on them.”
MethodK2-155: A Bright Metal-poor M Dwarf with Three Transiting Super-Earths
Hirano, T., Dai, F., Livingston, J. H., Fujii, Y., Cochran, W. D., Endl, M., Gandolfi, D., Redfield, S., Winn, J. N., Guenther, E. W., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaaa6e · Cited by 20
“We searched the detrended light curve (the upper panel of Figure 1) for periodic transit signals with the Box-Least-Squares (BLS) algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002).”
MethodLuque, R., Nowak, G., Πάλλη, Ε., Dai, F., Kaminski, A., Nagel, E., Hidalgo, D., Bauer, F. F., Lafarga, M., Livingston, J. H., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834952 · Cited by 20
NGTS-5b: a highly inflated planet offering insights into the sub-Jovian desert
Eigmüller, P., Chaushev, A., Gillen, E., Smith, A., Nielsen, L. D., Turner, O., Csizmadia, S., Smalley, B., Bayliss, D., Belardi, C., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935206 · Cited by 20
“Finally, using our own implementation of the BLS algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002), NGTS-5b was detected.”
MethodDirectly Determined Properties of HD 97658 from Interferometric Observations
Ellis, T. G., Boyajian, T. S., von Braun, K., Ligi, R., Mourard, D., Dragomir, D., Schaefer, G. H., & Farrington, C. D. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac141a · Cited by 20
Addison, B., Knudstrup, E., Wong, I., Hébrard, G., Dorval, P., Snellen, I. A. G., Albrecht, S. H., Bello-Arufe, A., Almenara, J. M., Boisse, I., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac224e · Cited by 28
On the incidence rate of first overtone Blazhko stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Nagy, A., & Kovács, G. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054538 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHATS-22b, HATS-23b and HATS-24b: three new transiting super-Jupiters from the HATSouth project
Bento, J. D. S., Schmidt, B. P., Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Ciceri, S., Brahm, R., Bayliss, D., Espinoza, N., Zhou, G., Rabus, M., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx500 · Cited by 18
“A Box Least-Squares algorithm (BLS; see Kovács et al. 2002) was then used to search for periodic transit-like signals.”
MethodSuperWASP-North extrasolar planet candidates between 3h < RA < 6h
Clarkson, W. I., Enoch, B., Haswell, C. A., Norton, A. J., Christian, D. J., Cameron, A. C., Kane, S. R., Horne, K., Lister, T. A., Street, R. A., et al. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12294.x · Cited by 20
“A comparison of the matched-filter (Street et al. 2003), box least-squares (Kovács et al. 2002; hereafter BLS) and Bayesian back-end (Aigrain & Favata 2002) techniques suggests that a BLS technique is most suited to our purposes (Aigrain & Irwin 2004), and so was selected as our main…”
MethodUpdated Catalog of Kepler Planet Candidates: Focus on Accuracy and Orbital Periods
Lissauer, J. J., Rowe, J. F., Jontof‐Hutter, D., Fabrycky, D. C., Ford, E. B., Ragozzine, D., Steffen, J. H., & Nizam, K. M. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad0e6e · Cited by 19
Global analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey
Lienhard, F., Queloz, D. P., Gillon, M., Burdanov, A., Delrez, L., Ducrot, E., Handley, W. J., Jehin, E., Murray, C. A., Triaud, A. H. M. J., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2054 · Cited by 19
“To find transits in the GP-detrended differential light curves, we use the Box-fitting Least Squares algorithm (BLS) by Kovács et al. (2002).”
MethodRevisiting the Kepler field with TESS : Improved ephemerides using TESS 2 min data
Battley, M. P., Kunimoto, M., Armstrong, D. J., & Pollacco, D. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab701 · Cited by 19
Tamburo, P., Muirhead, P. S., & Dressing, C. D. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd1de · Cited by 25
Kipping, D. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1492 · Cited by 19
The compact multi-planet system GJ 9827 revisited with ESPRESSO
Passegger, V. M., Mascareño, A. S., Allart, R., Hernández, J. I. G., Lovis, C., Lavie, B., Silva, A. M., Müller, H. M., Tabernero, H. M., Cristiani, S., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348592 · Cited by 19
Dévora-Pajares, M., Pozuelos, F. J., Thuillier, A., Timmermans, M., Grootel, V. V., Bonidie, V., Mota, L. C., & Suárez, J. C. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1740 · Cited by 19
Burdanov, A., Benni, P., Krushinsky, V., Popov, A. A., Sokov, E., Sokova, I. A., Rusov, S., Lyashenko, A., Ivanov, K. I., Moiseev, A. V., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1580 · Cited by 19
“The search for specific transit-like signals was carried out by the BLS method (Box-fitting Least Squares) widely used in exoplanet astronomy (Kovács et al. 2002).”
Method张, H. 辉. Z., Yu, Z., Liang, E., Yang, M., Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, X., Du, F., Fu, J.-N., Gong, X., Gu, B., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaf583 · Cited by 19
“One of the most effective ways to reveal this kind of signal is the BLS (Box-function Least Square Fitting) algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialK2-287 b: An Eccentric Warm Saturn Transiting a G-dwarf
Jordán, A., Brahm, R., Espinoza, N., Cortés, C., Díaz, M., Drass, H., Henning, T. K., Jenkins, J. S., Jones, M. I., Rabus, M., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aafa79 · Cited by 19
“Briefly, the K2 light curves for Campaign 15 were detrended using our implementation of the EVEREST algorithm (Luger et al. 2016), and a Box-Least-Squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) algorithm was used to find candidate boxshaped signals.”
MethodTwo Super-Earths in the 3:2 MMR around KOI-1599
Panichi, F., Migaszewski, C., & Goździewski, K. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz721 · Cited by 19
“With the boxleast-squares (BLS) algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002), we searched for periodic signals in the LCs.”
MethodHot Subdwarf All Southern Sky Fast Transit Survey with the Evryscope
Ratzloff, J. K., Barlow, B. N., Németh, P., Corbett, H. T., Walser, S., Galliher, N., Glazier, A., Howard, W. S., & Law, N. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab64f3 · Cited by 19
“%) and longer (at least a few hours) transits BLS was designed to find, and completely different than the sinusoidal signals LS excels at.”
MethodInfluentialNGTS-14Ab: a Neptune-sized transiting planet in the desert
Smith, A. M. S., Acton, J. S., Anderson, D. R., Armstrong, D. J., Bayliss, D., Belardi, C., Bouchy, F., Brahm, R., Briegal, J. T., Bryant, E. M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039712 · Cited by 19
“The NGTS light curves are searched for period transit-like signals using our implementation of the box-fitting least-squares (BLS) algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002).”
MethodThe CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Lalitha, S., Baroch, D., Morales, J. C., Passegger, V. M., Bauer, F. F., Guillén, C. C., Dreizler, S., Oshagh, M., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935534 · Cited by 19
Efficient analysis in planet transit surveys
Schwarzenberg-Czerny, A., & Beaulieu, J. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09695.x · Cited by 19
Rabus, M., Jordán, A., Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Espinoza, N., Brahm, R., Penev, K., Ciceri, S., Zhou, G., Bayliss, D., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/88 · Cited by 18
“The light curves were trendfiltered following Kovács et al. (2005) and searched for periodic box-shaped signals using the Box LeastSquares (Kovács et al. 2002) method.”
MethodInfluentialSonneberg Plate Photometry for Boyajian's Star in Two Passbands
Hippke, M., Kroll, P., Matthai, F., Angerhausen, D., Tuvikene, T., Stassun, K. G., Roshchina, E., Vasileva, T., Izmailov, I. S., Samus, N. N., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa615d · Cited by 18
“For transit-like events, the Box-fitting Least Squares (BLS) algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002) is more suitable.”
MethodK2-161b: a low-density super-Neptune on an eccentric orbit
Brahm, R., Espinoza, N., Rabus, M., Jordán, A., Díaz, M. R., Rojas, F., Vučković, M., Zapata, A., Cortés, C., Drass, H., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3230 · Cited by 18
A CHEOPS white dwarf transit search
Morris, B. M., Heng, K., Brandeker, A., Swan, A., & Lendl, M. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140913 · Cited by 18
The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
Barros, S. C. C., Demangeon, O. D. S., Armstrong, D. J., Mena, E. D., Acuña, L., Fernández, J. F., Deleuil, M., Collins, K. A., Howell, S. B., Ziegler, C., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245741 · Cited by 18
TOI-4010: A System of Three Large Short-period Planets with a Massive Long-period Companion
Kunimoto, M., Vanderburg, A. M., Huang, C. X., Davis, M. R., Affer, L., Cameron, A. C., Charbonneau, D., Cosentino, R., Damasso, M., Dumusque, X., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd537 · Cited by 18
“QLP searched the Sector 24 and 25 multisector light curve of TIC-352682207 using Vartools (Hartman & Bakos 2016), an implementation of the Box-Least Squares (BLS) transit search algorithm Kovács et al. (2002).”
MethodGould, A. P. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/729/2/l23 · Cited by 18
“Efficient algorithms have already been developed for carrying out such searches in studies of both periodic GW sources (Abadie et al. 2010 and references therein) and transiting planets (Kovács et al. 2002).”
ECLIPSING BINARIES FROM THE CSTAR PROJECT AT DOME A, ANTARCTICA
Yang, M. D., Zhang, H., Wang, S., Zhou, J., Zhou, X., Wang, L., Wang, L., Wittenmyer, R. A., Liu, H.-G., Meng, Z., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/28 · Cited by 18
“It has been discussed detailedly by Kovács et al. (2002).”
MethodHATS-13b and HATS-14b: two transiting hot Jupiters from the HATSouth survey
Mancini, L., Hartman, J. D., Penev, K., Bakos, G. Á., Brahm, R., Ciceri, S., Henning, T. K., Csubry, Z., Bayliss, D., Zhou, G., et al. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526069 · Cited by 18
“BLS (Box-fitting Least Squares; Kovács et al. 2002) to find periodic signals by transiting exoplanets.”
TESS Discovery of a Super-Earth and Three Sub-Neptunes Hosted by the Bright, Sun-like Star HD 108236
Daylan, T., Pinglé, K., Wright, J., Günther, M. N., Stassun, K. G., Kane, S. R., Vanderburg, A. M., Jontof‐Hutter, D., Rodriguez, J. E., Shporer, A., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd73e · Cited by 18
“Unlike the Box Least Squares (BLS) (Kovács et al. 2002), which also searches for transit-like pulse trains while not taking into account the correlation structure of noise, TPS employs a noise-compensating matched filter which jointly characterizes the correlation structure of the observation noise while searching fo…”
MethodOccurrence rate of exoplanets orbiting ultracool dwarfs as probed by K2
Sestovic, M., & Demory, B.-O. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037732 · Cited by 18
“We first calculate a series of boxfitting-least-squares (BLS) spectra, to find periodic dips in our data (Kovács et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInvestigation of Orbital Decay and Global Modeling of the Planet WASP-43 b
Davoudi, F., Baştürk, Ö., Yalçınkaya, S., Esmer, E. M., & Safari, H. (2021) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1baf · Cited by 10
K2-237 b and K2-238 b: discovery and characterization of two new transiting hot Jupiters from K2
Soto, M. G., Díaz, M. R., Jenkins, J. S., Rojas, F., Espinoza, N., Brahm, R., Drass, H., Jones, M. I., Rabus, M., Hartman, J. D., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1334 · Cited by 18
A low-mass eclipsing binary within the fully convective zone from the Next Generation Transit Survey
Casewell, S. L., Raynard, L., Watson, C. A., Gillen, E., de Mooij, E., Bayliss, D., Bouchy, F., Thompson, A., Jackman, J. A. G., Burleigh, M. R., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2183 · Cited by 18
“The binary was detected using orion (Wheatley et al. 2018), an implementation of the box-fitting least squares algorithm suggested by Kovács et al. (2002), although orion cannot fit this lightcurve accurately as it is optimised for planetary transits, not the ”V” shaped eclipse of an eclipsing…”
MethodModelling solar-like variability for the detection of Earth-like planetary transits
Bonomo, A. S., & Lanza, A. F. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078833 · Cited by 17
“…a sampling of the parameter space ensures that none of the simulated transits will get lost because of an inappropriate choice of the free parameters in our search (foran optimal choice of the free parameter steps and ranges see, e.g., Kovács et al. 2002; Doyle et al. 2000; Jenkins et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Mini-Neptune Orbiting the Metal-poor K Dwarf BD+29 2654
Dai, F., Schlaufman, K. C., Reggiani, H., Bouma, L. G., Howard, A. W., Chontos, A., Pidhorodetska, D., Zandt, J. V., Murphy, J. M. A., Rubenzahl, R. A., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acdee8 · Cited by 17
“We detected a 7.4-day planet with a signal detection efficiency (as defined by Kovács et al. 2002) of 11.7.”
MethodInfluentialMitnyan, T., Borkovits, T., Czavalinga, D. R., Rappaport, S., Pál, A., Powell, B. P., & Hajdu, T. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348909 · Cited by 17
The BAST algorithm for transit detection
Renner, S., Rauer, H., Erikson, A., Hedelt, P., Kabath, P., Titz, R., & Voss, H. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810148 · Cited by 17
“Although no detector is clearly superior, the BT1 allowed to conclude that the most sensitive analysis is performed with periodic box-shaped detection algorithms, such as the BLS algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002).”
MethodInfluentialKELT-12b: A P ∼ 5 day, Highly Inflated Hot Jupiter Transiting a Mildly Evolved Hot Star
Stevens, D. J., Collins, K. A., Gaudi, B. S., Beatty, T. G., Siverd, R. J., Bieryla, A., Fulton, B. J., Crepp, J. R., Gonzales, E. J., Coker, C. T., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa5ffb · Cited by 17
“…light curves with a 90-day window prior to applying both the Trend Filtering Algorithm (TFA; Kovács et al. 2005), to remove systematics common to nearby stars, and the Box Least-Squares algorithm (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002), to search the light curves for periodic boxcar-shaped transit signals.”
MethodBento, J. D. S., Hartman, J. D., Bakos, G. Á., Bhatti, W. A., Csubry, Z., Penev, K., Bayliss, D., de Val-Borro, M., Zhou, G., Brahm, R., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty726 · Cited by 16
Transiting planet candidate from K2 with the longest period
Giles, H. A. C., Osborn, H. P., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Lovis, C., Bayliss, D., Eggenberger, P., Cameron, A. C., Kristiansen, M. H., Turner, O., Bouchy, F., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833569 · Cited by 17
“Then we searched for transits using a box-fitting least-squares algorithm (BLS, Kovács et al. 2002).”
MethodDalba, P. A., Kane, S. R., Li, Z., MacDougall, M. G., Rosenthal, L. J., Cherubim, C., Isaacson, H. T., Thorngren, D., Fulton, B. J., Howard, A. W., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac134b · Cited by 17
A warm super-Neptune around the G-dwarf star TOI-1710 revealed with TESS, SOPHIE, and HARPS-N
König, P.-C., Damasso, M., Hébrard, G., Naponiello, L., Cortés-Zuleta, P., Biazzo, K., Santos, N. C., Bonomo, A. S., Etangs, A. L. D., Zeng, L., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202143002 · Cited by 18
EXPECTED LARGE SYNOPTIC SURVEY TELESCOPE (LSST) YIELD OF ECLIPSING BINARY STARS
Prša, A., Pepper, J. A., & Stassun, K. G. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/2/52 · Cited by 17
“…the orbital period depends on many factors, and a variety of different methods have been utilized to identify their periods, such as analysis of variance (AoV; Schwarzenberg-Czerny 1989) or box-fitting least-square (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) (see Devor 2005; Hartman et al. 2008, 2009 for examples).”
MethodPROPERTIES OF M31. V. 298 ECLIPSING BINARIES FROM PAndromeda
Lee, C.-H., Koppenhoefer, J., Seitz, S., Bender, R., Riffeser, A., Kodric, M., Hopp, U., Snigula, J., Gössl, C. A., Kudritzki, R.-P., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/797/1/22 · Cited by 17
“Our detection procedure is based on the boxfitting algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002) which has been developed to detect box-shaped brightness decreases such as planetary transits.”
MethodCui, K., Liu, J., Feng, F., & Liu, J. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac3482 · Cited by 18
“The CS/N≈ 0.6 when the S/N is 6, and then rapidly increase to 1, matching our naked eye’s intuitive perception and previous research thresholds (e.g., Kovács et al. 2002; Kunimoto et al. 2018).”
MethodInfluentialA Search for Transits among the Delta Scuti Variables in Kepler
Hey, D., Montet, B. T., Pope, B. J. S., Murphy, S. J., & Bedding, T. R. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1b9b · Cited by 16
Silverstein, M. L., Schlieder, J. E., Barclay, T., Hord, B. J., Jao, W., Vrijmoet, E. H., Henry, T. J., Cloutier, R., Kostov, V. B., Kruse, E., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac32e3 · Cited by 16
“Analysis 2: Independent of Analysis 1, we also performed a separate BLS search on the SPOC PDCSAP light curves from TESS Cycles 1 and 3, also following Kovács et al. (2002); Vanderburg et al. (2016), and recovered LHS 1678 b and c’s signals at the periods reported earlier in this work.”
MethodGautam, A. K., Do, T., Ghez, A. M., Chu, D. S., Hosek, M. W., Sakai, S., Naoz, S., Morris, M., Ciurlo, A., Haggard, Z., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad26e6 · Cited by 16
Kostov, V. B., Powell, B. P., Fornear, A. U., Fraia, M. Z. D., Gagliano, R., Jacobs, T. L., de Lambilly, J. S., Luca, H. A. D., Majewski, S. R., Omohundro, M., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ade2d8 · Cited by 26
“Specifically, we applied the Box-Least Squares algorithm (BLS Kov´acs et al. 2002) to the available eleanor FFI lightcurves to measure periods and conjunction times, limiting the minimum/maximum period searched for to 0.5/40 days, respectively.”
InfluentialPHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN THE CSTAR FIELD: RESULTS FROM THE 2008 DATA SET
Wang, S., Zhang, H., Zhou, X., Zhou, J.-L., Fu, J.-N., Yang, M., Liu, H., Xie, J., Wang, L., Wang, L., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/20 · Cited by 16
“Since this method is not optimal for detecting transit events, a more sophisticated transit-sifting algorithm (BLS, Kovács et al. 2002) is applied to the CSTAR data set to identify three transit-like events (see Figure 3 for example).”
MethodAn Independent Discovery of Two Hot Jupiters from theK2Mission
Brahm, R., Jones, M. I., Espinoza, N., Jordán, A., Rabus, M., Rojas, F., Jenkins, J. S., Cortés, C., Drass, H., Pantoja, B., et al. (2016) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/128/970/124402 · Cited by 15
“After performing a box least squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) algorithm, we found that the stars EPIC210957318 (K2-30b) and EPIC212110888 (K2-34b) showed significant periodic signals at 4.1 and 3.0 days, respectively.”
MethodInfluentialSmith, G., Gillen, E., Queloz, D. P., Hillenbrand, L. A., Acton, J. S., Alves, D. R., Anderson, D. R., Bayliss, D., Briegal, J. T., Burleigh, M. R., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2374 · Cited by 16
Four new deeply eclipsing white dwarfs in Zwicky Transient Facility
Kosakowski, A., Kilic, M., Brown, W. R., Bergeron, P., & Kupfer, T. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1146 · Cited by 16
SuperWASP-North extrasolar planet candidates: candidates from fields 17 h < RA < 18 h
Lister, T. A., West, R. G., Wilson, D. M., Cameron, A. C., Clarkson, W. I., Street, R. A., Enoch, B., Parley, N. R., Christian, D. J., Kane, S. R., et al. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11948.x · Cited by 16
“In this stage the pure box function of Kovács et al. (2002) is replaced with a softened version due to Protopapas et al. (2005).”
BackgroundMethodTransit origami: a method to coherently fold exomoon transits in time series photometry
Kipping, D. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2013 · Cited by 15
TOI-4562b: A Highly Eccentric Temperate Jupiter Analog Orbiting a Young Field Star
Heitzmann, A., Zhou, G., Quinn, S. N., Huang, C. X., Dong, J., Bouma, L. G., Dawson, R. I., Marsden, S. C., Wright, D. J., Petit, P. M., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acb5a2 · Cited by 16
Rodriguez, A. C., Galiullin, I., Гильфанов, М. Р., Kulkarni, S. R., Khamitov, I. M., Фяритович, Б. И., van Roestel, J., Yungelson, L. R., El-Badry, K., Sunayev, R., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace698 · Cited by 15
101 eclipsing quadruple star candidates discovered in TESS full frame images
Kostov, V. B., Powell, B. P., Rappaport, S., Borkovits, T., Gagliano, R., Jacobs, T. L., Jayaraman, R., Kristiansen, M. H., LaCourse, D. M., Mitnyan, T., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2947 · Cited by 15
β Cephei Pulsators in Eclipsing Binaries Observed with TESS
Eze, C. I., & Handler, G. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad39c5 · Cited by 15
“We computed the preliminary orbital periods of the systems using the box-fitting least squares, BLS (Kov´acs et al. 2002) and Lomb-Scargle, LS (Scargle 1982) periodograms incorporated in the LC periodogram solver of PHOEBE 2 program (Prˇsa et al. 2016).”
MethodTIC 290061484: A Triply Eclipsing Triple System with the Shortest Known Outer Period of 24.5 Days
Kostov, V. B., Rappaport, S., Borkovits, T., Powell, B. P., Gagliano, R., Omohundro, M., Bíró, I. B., Moe, M., Howell, S. B., Mitnyan, T., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7368 · Cited by 15
TOI 762 A b and TIC 46432937 b: Two Giant Planets Transiting M-dwarf Stars
Hartman, J. D., Bayliss, D., Brahm, R., Bryant, E. M., Jordán, A., Bakos, G. Á., Hobson, M. J., Sedaghati, E., Bonfils, X., Cointepas, M., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad6f07 · Cited by 18
“For this search the box-fi tting least squares ( BLS; G. Kovács et al. 2002 ) algorithm was utilized to search for giant planets transiting low-mass stars in light curves generated from the 30 minutes cadence FFIs from Cycle 1 of the TESS mission by the TESS-SPOC team ( D. A. Caldwell et al. 2020 ) .”
STELLAR VARIABILITY AND FLARE RATES FROM DOME A, ANTARCTICA, USING 2009 AND 2010 CSTAR OBSERVATIONS
Oelkers, R. J., Macri, L. M., Wang, L., Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, X., Feng, L., Gong, X., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Q., Luong-Van, D. M., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/166 · Cited by 15
“We also searched for transit-like events using the BoxLeast-Squares algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002, BLS).”
MethodQatar Exoplanet Survey: Qatar-6b—A Grazing Transiting Hot Jupiter
Alsubai, K. A., Tsvetanov, Z. I., Latham, D. W., Bieryla, A., Esquerdo, G. A., Mislis, D., Pyrzas, S., Foxell, E., McCormac, J., Baranec, C. J., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa000 · Cited by 15
“Transit-like events are identified using the Box LeastSquares algorithm (BLS) of Kovács et al. (2002), during a candidate’s search on the archive light curves following the procedure described in Collier Cameron et al. (2006).”
MethodFour Small Planets Buried in K2 Systems: What Can We Learn for TESS?
Hedges, C., Saunders, N., Barentsen, G., Coughlin, J. L., Cardoso, J. V. D. M., Kostov, V. B., Dotson, J., & Cody, A. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab2a74 · Cited by 15
“BoxLeastSquares9 (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013; Price-Whelan et al. 2018): a new, fast implementation of the box least squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002; Hartman & Bakos 2016) planetfinding algorithm in Python.”
MethodUpper Limits on Planet Occurrence around Ultracool Dwarfs with K2
Sagear, S., Skinner, J. N., & Muirhead, P. S. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9224 · Cited by 15
“We searched for transits in the processed light curves using the python implementation python-bls1 of a box- 1 https://github.com/dfm/python-bls fitting least-squares (BLS) method (Kovács et al. 2002) to create a preliminary period and radius estimate.”
MethodLin, C., Boursier, E., & Papakonstantinou, Y. (2020) · Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment · doi:10.14778/3384345.3384357 · Cited by 583
“How to choose the best function family has been widely studied in prior work [48, 58, 15, 35] and will continue so.”
HATS-37Ab and HATS-38b: Two Transiting Hot Neptunes in the Desert*
Jordán, A., Bakos, G. Á., Bayliss, D., Bento, J. D. S., Bhatti, W. A., Brahm, R., Csubry, Z., Espinoza, N., Hartman, J. D., Henning, T. K., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba530 · Cited by 15
“…in Bakos et al. (2013), while our methods for reducing the data to trend-filtered light curves (filtered using the method of Kovács et al. 2005) and identifying transiting planet signals (using the Box-fitting Least Squares or BLS method; Kovács et al. 2002) are described in Penev et al. (2013).”
MethodTwo Massive Jupiters in Eccentric Orbits from the TESS Full-frame Images
Ikwut-Ukwa, M., Rodriguez, J. E., Quinn, S. N., Zhou, G., Vanderburg, A. M., Ali, A., Bunten, K., Gaudi, B. S., Latham, D. W., Howell, S. B., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac2ee1 · Cited by 16
“…and TOI-559 as planet candidates through a search independent of the TESS planet search pipeline, using a standard box least-squares algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002) and visual examination of candidates from the MIT Quick Look Pipeline (QLP, Huang et al. 2020, and both candidates were…”
MethodHot planets around cool stars – two short-period mini-Neptunes transiting the late K-dwarf TOI-1260
Georgieva, I., Persson, C. M., Barragán, O., Nowak, G., Fridlund, M. C., Locci, D., Πάλλη, Ε., Luque, R., Carleo, I., Gandolfi, D., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1464 · Cited by 15
KELT-18b: Puffy Planet, Hot Host, Probably Perturbed
McLeod, K. K., Rodriguez, J. E., Oelkers, R. J., Collins, K. A., Bieryla, A., Fulton, B. J., Stassun, K. G., Gaudi, B. S., Penev, K., Stevens, D. J., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6d5d · Cited by 15
“A Box-Least-Squares (Kovács et al. 2002) analysis yielded a preliminary period of 2.8716482 d, duration of 4.14 h, and depth of 6.8 mmag.”
InfluentialA system of three transiting super-Earths in a cool dwarf star
Díez-Alonso, E., Gómez, S. L. S., Hernández, J. I. G., Mascareño, A. S., González-Gutiérrez, C., Velasco, S., Toledo-Padrón, B., Juez, F. J. D. C., & Rebolo, R. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly040 · Cited by 15
“We analyzed the K2 corrected photometry from the star following the work of Vanderburg & Johnson (2014), applying a spline fit to detrend stellar variability and search for periodic signals with a Box Least Squares (BLS) method (Kovács et al. 2002) on flattened data.”
MethodThe TESS–Keck Survey. VI. Two Eccentric Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HIP-97166
MacDougall, M. G., Petigura, E. A., Angelo, I., Lubin, J., Batalha, N. M., Beard, C., Behmard, A., Blunt, S. C., Brinkman, C. L., Chontos, A., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac295e · Cited by 14
“We divided out the median back- ground flux of the time-series data to normalize the light curve then searched for transits using a box least squares (BLS; Kovács et al. 2002) transit search to recover the same planetary signal detected by SPOC with SNR = 29.6.”
MethodInfluentialBeard, C., Robertson, P. M., Kanodia, S., Lubin, J., Cañas, C. I., Gupta, A. F., Holcomb, R. J., Jones, S., Libby-Roberts, J. E., Lin, A. S. J., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8480 · Cited by 14
“Unlike a boxfitting least-squares (BLS) algorithm (Kovács et al. 2002), which is used frequently in transit searches, the TLS adopts a more realistic transit shape, increasing its sensitivity to transiting exoplanets, especially smaller ones.”
MethodViewing the PLATO LOPS2 field through the lenses of TESS
Eschen, Y. N. E., Bayliss, D., Wilson, T. G., Kunimoto, M., Pelisoli, I., & Rodel, T. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2427 · Cited by 14
Exoplanets across galactic stellar populations with PLATO
Boettner, C., Viswanathan, A., & Dayal, P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451537 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Kovács, G., Zucker, S., & Mazeh, T.
- Affiliations
- Konkoly Observatory (HU)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- ORCID
- Zucker, S.
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2002-07-29
- Volume
- 391
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 369-377
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W2120704067
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
- Keywords
- exoplanets, transit detection, signal-to-noise ratio, detection significance, transit depth, low signal-to-noise ratio
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