The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress and the adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis
Abstract
Psychologic states produced by environmental or physiologic stresses are usually associated with hypersecretion of adrenal hormones, particularly epinephrine and the glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone in humans or corticosterone in rats). A common mechanism links the secretion of these hormones, even though the adrenal medulla and cortex have different embryologic origins and biochemical properties and very different mechanisms controlling their secretory activities, ie, a cholinergic nervous input stimulates medullary secretion while a hormone, corticotropin (ACTH), activates secretion from the cortex. This mechanism is made possible by an intra-adrenal portal vascular system, which provides the medulla with uniquely high concentrations of glucocorticoids. These high concentrations are needed to induce the medullary enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), which controls the synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine. By suppressing glucocorticoid secretion, pituitary failure compromises epinephrine synthesis and decreases the rate at which epinephrine is secreted; in contrast, prolonged chronic stress can enhance epinephrine synthesis and secretion within the adrenal, the brain, or both organs. This control mechanism could be involved in the long-term consequences of stress.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Purification and Properties of Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl Transferase
Axelrod, J. (1962) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83758-4 · Cited by 623
Adrenaline Synthesis: Control by the Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Glucocorticoids
Wurtman, R. J., & Axelrod, J. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.150.3702.1464 · Cited by 320
Self-citationThe formation of adrenaline from noradrenaline
Kirshner, N., & Goodall, M. (1957) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90271-8 · Cited by 194
ADRENOCORTICAL CONTROL OF EPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS
Pohorecky, L. A., & Wurtman, R. J. (1971) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06886-3 · Cited by 186
Self-citationWurtman, R. J. (1966) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-79-3-608 · Cited by 134
Self-citationON THE MORPHOLOGY AND ADRENALINE-NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF CHROMAFFIN TISSUE
COUPLAND, R. E. (1953) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0090194 · Cited by 106
ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF NOREPINEPHRINE TO EPINEPHRINE BY THE BRAIN
Pohorecky, L. A., Zigmond, M. J., Karten, H. J., & Wurtman, R. J. (1969) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)28179-4 · Cited by 99
Self-citationStachowiak, M. K., Rigual, R. J., Lee, P. H. K., Viveros, O. H., & Hong, J. (1988) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(88)90050-2 · Cited by 62
Sauter, A., Baba, Y., Stone, E. A., & Goldstein, M. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90170-1 · Cited by 62
Hung, W., & Migeon, C. J. (1968) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-28-2-146 · Cited by 51
Luft, R., & von Euler, U. S. (1956) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-16-8-1017 · Cited by 35
Cahill, A. L., Eertmoed, A. L., Mangoura, D. A., & Perlman, R. L. (1996) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67031217.x · Cited by 25
Impaired secretion of epinephrine in response to insulin among hypophysectomized dogs.
Wurtman, R. J., Casper, A., Pohorecky, L. A., & Bartter, F. C. (1968) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.61.2.522 · Cited by 24
Self-citationDecreased Corticotropin Reserve as Isolated Pituitary Defect
GREEN, W. L. (1961) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1961.03620120129018 · Cited by 21
Turner, B. B., Katz, R. J., & Carroll, B. J. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90233-6 · Cited by 19
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Particulate Matter Exposure and Stress Hormone Levels
Li, H., Cai, J., Chen, R., Zhao, Z., Ying, Z., Wang, L., Chen, J., Hao, K., Kinney, P. L., Chen, H., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.026796 · Cited by 531
Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress
Miller, D. B., & O'Callaghan, J. P. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.33184 · Cited by 496
Interpreting Stress Responses during Routine Toxicity Studies
Everds, N. E., Snyder, P. W., Bailey, K. L., Bolon, B. N., Creasy, D. M., Foley, G. L., Rosol, T. J., & Sellers, T. S. (2013) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623312466452 · Cited by 342
Glucocorticoids and Skeletal Muscle
Bodine, S. C., & Furlow, J. D. (2015) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_7 · Cited by 180
Homeostasis as the Mechanism of Evolution
Torday, J. S. (2015) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology4030573 · Cited by 132
Metadata
- Authors
- Wurtman, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wurtman, Richard J.
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 11-14
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030689507
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds
- Keywords
- epinephrine synthesis, stress, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, ACTH, cholinergic innervation, pituitary failure, chronic stress, cortisol, corticosterone
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Brain, Epinephrine, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, Pituitary Gland, Stress, Physiological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
