The early origins of cardiovascular health and disease: Who, when, and how
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, a series of epidemiological studies popularized the early programming theory that had resulted from observed associations between low birthweight and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality later in life. Since then, several clinical and experimental models have been created to understand the principles and mechanisms of this fascinating phenomenon and describe its relevance to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and many other chronic diseases. Despite the growing body of published evidence, the specific mechanisms mediating early programming effects are still elusive. Moreover, many controversial issues have arisen regarding the characteristics of the most commonly used clinical and experimental models, the existence of potential windows of susceptibility for different organs, and the presence of sex differences in its pathophysiology. Therefore, this review synthesizes some of the antecedents behind the early programming theory and discusses some of the controversial issues surrounding it. Early programming has been extensively linked to several chronic diseases; however, for the purposes of this review we have concentrated on the potential role of this entity in the pathophysiology of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
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There are limitations inherent to using animals to model human pregnancy, including differences in placental morphology, gestational length, parturition, a greater number of offspring per pregnancy, and different developmental windows of fetal and neonatal cellular differentiation and organogenesis.
“There are also limitations inherent to using animals to model human pregnancy. These include differences in placental morphology, gestational length, parturition, a greater number of offspring per pregnancy, and different developmental windows of fetal and neonatal cellular differentiation and organogenesis [88,89].”
From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [89]
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Cited by 55
- Authors
- Rueda-Clausen, C., Morton, J., & Davidge, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Venue
- Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 03
- Pages
- 197-210
- ISSN
- 1526-4564 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-8004
- OpenAlex
- W2321428968
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Seminars in Reproductive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions
- Canada Research Chairs
- Pfizer Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
- Keywords
- developmental origins of health and disease, low birth weight, cardiovascular disease, windows of susceptibility, sex differences, animal models, fetal programming
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular System, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sex Characteristics, Fetal Development
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