CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,487Menopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsEstrogen and related hormone effectsCancer Risks and Factors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Open access
Colditz, Graham A., Hankinson, Susan E., Hunter, David J., Willett, Walter C., Manson, JoAnn E., Stampfer, Meir J., Hennekens, Charles, Rosner, Bernard, Speizer, Frank E.·1995·New England Journal of Medicine
DOI 10.1056/nejm199506153322401
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The effect of adding progestins to estrogen therapy on the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women is controversial. METHODS: To quantify the relation between the use of hormones and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, we extended our follow-up of the participants in the Nurses' Health Study to 1992. The women were asked to complete questionnaires every two years to update information on their menopausal status, use of estrogen and progestin preparations, and any diagnosis of breast cancer. During 725,550 person-years of follow-up, we documented 1935 cases of newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer. RESULTS: The risk of breast cancer was significantly increased among women who were currently using estrogen alone (relative risk, 1.32; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.54) or estrogen plus progestin (relative risk, 1.41; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.74), as compared with postmenopausal women who had never used hormones. Women currently taking hormones who had used such therapy for 5 to 9 years had an adjusted relative risk of breast cancer of 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.74), as did those currently using hormones who had done so for a total of 10 or more years (relative risk, 1.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.76). The increased risk of breast cancer associated with five or more years of postmenopausal hormone therapy was greater among older women (relative risk for women 60 to 64 years old, 1.71; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 2.18). The relative risk of death due to breast cancer was 1.45 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.09) among women who had taken estrogen for five or more years. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of progestins to estrogen therapy does not reduce the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. The substantial increase in the risk of breast cancer among older women who take hormones suggests that the trade-offs between risks and benefits should be carefully assessed.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejm199506153322401

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 32 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Feinleib M, 1968, J Natl Cancer Inst, 41, 315
  2. Committee on the relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer, Institute of Medicine. Oral contraceptives & breast cancer. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991.
  3. Gambrell RD, 1983, Obstet Gynecol, 62, 435
  4. Rose DP, 1977, Obstet Gynecol, 49, 80

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 999

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Colditz, G. A., Hankinson, S. E., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C., Rosner, B., & Speizer, F. E.
Affiliations
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID
Venue
New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher
Massachusetts Medical Society
Published
1995-06-15
Volume
332
Issue
24
Pages
1589-1593
ISSN
  • 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-4406
DOI
10.1056/nejm199506153322401
OpenAlex
W2607238143
Cited by
1,487
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 26
FWCI
111.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (CA 40956)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
Keywords
breast cancer risk, hormone replacement therapy, estrogen therapy, progestins, estrogen plus progestin, duration of hormone use, age-related risk, breast cancer mortality, Nurses' Health Study
MeSH terms
Aged, Breast Neoplasms, Estrogens, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Progestins, Prospective Studies, Risk, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Confidence Intervals, Case-Control Studies, Postmenopause

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review