The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is known to be associated with overall mortality. We investigated the effects of age, race, sex, smoking status, and history of disease on the relation between body-mass index and mortality. METHODS: In a prospective study of more than 1 million adults in the United States (457,785 men and 588,369 women), 201,622 deaths occurred during 14 years of follow-up. We examined the relation between body-mass index and the risk of death from all causes in four subgroups categorized according to smoking status and history of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, we further examined whether the relation varied according to race, cause of death, or age. The relative risk was used to assess the relation between mortality and body-mass index. RESULTS: The association between body-mass index and the risk of death was substantially modified by smoking status and the presence of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, the nadir of the curve for body-mass index and mortality was found at a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9 in men and 22.0 to 23.4 in women. Among subjects with the highest body-mass indexes, white men and women had a relative risk of death of 2.58 and 2.00, respectively, as compared with those with a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9. Black men and women with the highest body-mass indexes had much lower risks of death (1.35 and 1.21), which did not differ significantly from 1.00. A high body-mass index was most predictive of death from cardiovascular disease, especially in men (relative risk, 2.90; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.37 to 3.56). Heavier men and women in all age groups had an increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other diseases increases throughout the range of moderate and severe overweight for both men and women in all age groups. The risk associated with a high body-mass index is greater for whites than for blacks.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological and animal studies have shown that overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for cancers at numerous sites, including the breast (among postmenopausal women), colon, endometrium, esophagus, gallbladder, liver, prostate, ovarian, pancreas, and kidney.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1992) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_37 · Cited by 26,297
Indices of relative weight and obesity
Keys, A. B., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M. J., Kimura, N., & TAYLOR, H. L. (1972) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(72)90027-6 · Cited by 2,085
Body Weight and Mortality among Women
Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Hankinson, S. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199509143331101 · Cited by 2,005
The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality
Stevens, J., Cai, J., Pamuk, E. R., Williamson, D. F., Thun, M. J., & Wood, J. L. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801013380101 · Cited by 1,611
Self-citationVariations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women
Lew, E. A., & Garfinkel, L. (1979) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(79)90119-x · Cited by 1,169
Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death.
Schneider, B. A. (1953) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/399926 · Cited by 1,000
A Prospective Study of Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Risk of Stroke in Women
Rexrode, K. M. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540430051032 · Cited by 617
Body Fat Distribution and 5-Year Risk of Death in Older Women
Folsom, A. R. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500040049035 · Cited by 611
Body weight and longevity. A reassessment
Manson, J. E. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.257.3.353 · Cited by 597
Troiano, R. P., Frongillo, E. A., Sobal, J., & Levitsky, D. A. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 472
Kuczmarski, R. J., Carroll, M. D., Flegal, K. M., & Troiano, R. P. (1997) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00575.x · Cited by 461
Age Changes in Body Composition Revealed by Computed Tomography
Borkan, G. A., Hults, D. E., Gerzof, S. G., Robbins, A. H., & Silbert, C. K. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.6.673 · Cited by 460
Dunn, S. E., Kari, F. W., French, J. E., Leininger, J. R., Travlos, G. S., Wilson, R., & Barrett, J. C. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 438
Lee, I.-M. M. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510230061036 · Cited by 429
Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 1990
(1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e566932010-001 · Cited by 426
Risk Factors for Fatal Colon Cancer in a Large Prospective Study
Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Namboodiri, M. M., Flanders, W. D., Coates, R. J., Byers, T., Boffetta, P., Garfinkel, L., & Heath, C. W. (1992) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/84.19.1491 · Cited by 388
Self-citationACCURACY OF CURRENT, 4-YEAR, AND 28-YEAR SELF-REPORTED BODY WEIGHT IN AN ELDERLY POPULATION
Stevens, J., KEIL, J. E., Waid, L. R., & Gazes, P. C. (1990) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115758 · Cited by 357
Calle, E. E., & Terrell, D. D. (1993) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116664 · Cited by 342
Self-citationBody Mass Index and Mortality Among Nonsmoking Older Persons
Harris, T. B. (1988) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.259.10.1520 · Cited by 315
Cornoni-Huntley, J. C., Harris, T. B., Everett, D. F., Albanes, D., Micozzi, M. S., Miles, T. P., & Feldman, J. J. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90126-t · Cited by 276
Body mass index and mortality in nonsmoking older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Diehr, P. H., Bild, D. E., Harris, T. B., Duxbury, A. S., Siscovick, D. S., & Rossi, M. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.4.623 · Cited by 219
Losonczy, K. G., Harris, T. B., Cornoni‐Huntley, J. C., Simonsick, E. M., Wallace, R. B., Cook, N. R., Ostfeld, A. M., & Blazer, D. G. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/141.4.312 · Cited by 210
Body Mass Index and Body Girths as Predictors of Mortality in Black and White Women
Stevens, J. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400180111018 · Cited by 193
Allison, D., Gallagher, D., Heo, M., Pi-Sunyer, F., & Heymsfield, S. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800423 · Cited by 188
National Cancer Institute Monograph 27
(1967) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/39.5.1067 · Cited by 164
Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies.
Garfinkel, L. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 163
Body mass index and patterns of mortality among Seventh-day Adventist men.
Lindsted, K. D., Tonstad, S., & Kuzma, J. W. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 137
Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women
Folsom, A. R. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.4.483 · Cited by 125
Relation of Body Fat Distribution to Ischemic Heart Disease
Freedman, D. S., Williamson, D. F., Croft, J. B., Ballew, C., & Byers, T. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117545 · Cited by 113
Johnson, J. L., Heineman, E. F., HEISS, G. M., Hames, C. G., & Tyroler, H. A. (1986) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114230 · Cited by 112
The Body Mass Index‐Mortality Relationship in White and African American Women
Stevens, J., Plankey, M. W., Williamson, D. F., Thun, M. J., Rust, P. F., Palesch, Y. Y., & O'Neil, P. M. (1998) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00349.x · Cited by 105
Self-citationBody Mass and 26-Year Risk of Mortality from Specific Diseases among Women Who Never Smoked
Singh, P. N., & Lindsted, K. D. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199805000-00007 · Cited by 94
Ischemic heart disease risk factors and twenty-year mortality in middle-age Evans County black males
Tyroler, H. A., Knowles, M. G., Wing, S. B., Logue, E. E., DAVIS, C. E., HEISS, G. M., Heyden, S., & Hames, C. G. (1984) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(84)90667-7 · Cited by 93
Body weight and mortality. A 27-year follow-up of middle-aged men
Lee, I.-M. M. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.270.23.2823 · Cited by 92
Garfinkel, L. (1986) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19861015)58:8+ · Cited by 90
Body mass index and 15-year mortality in a cohort of black men and women
Wienpahl, J., Ragland, D. R., & Sidney, S. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(90)90078-4 · Cited by 88
Lindsted, K. D., & Singh, P. N. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009185 · Cited by 84
Durazo-Arvizú, R., Cooper, R., Luke, A. H., Prewitt, T. E., Liao, Y., & McGee, D. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00044-6 · Cited by 72
New weight guidelines for Americans: justified or injudicious?
Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., & VanItallie, T. B. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1102 · Cited by 53
Stevens, J., Gautam, S. P., & KEIL, J. E. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.6.m249 · Cited by 43
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Lindsted K, 1991, Int J Obes, 15, 397
- Troiano RP, 1996, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 20, 63
- Department of Agriculture, Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and your health: dietary guidelines for Americans. 4th ed. Home and garden bulletin no. 232. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1995.
- 10.1001/archinte.152.6.1257 · DOI
- 1995, WHO Tech Rep Ser, 854, 1
- Dunn SE, 1997, Cancer Res, 57, 4667
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution
Pope III, C. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132 · Cited by 8,447
Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thun, M. J. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021423 · Cited by 7,696
Self-citationGenetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities
Faith, M. S., Carnell, S., & Kral, T. V. E. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353879 · Cited by 7,633
Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J.-P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., Lear, S. A., Ndumele, C. E., Neeland, I. J., Sanders, P., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000973 · Cited by 3,691
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Weiss, R., Dziura, J., Burgert, T. S., Tamborlane, W. V., Taksali, S. E., Yeckel, C. W., Allen, K., Lopes, M., Savoye, M., Morrison, J. A., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031049 · Cited by 3,495
Metadata
- Authors
- Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. W.
- Affiliations
- American Cancer Society (US)
- ORCID
- Calle, Eugenia E.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1999-10-07
- Volume
- 341
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1097-1105
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2323202746
- Cited by
- 3,643
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 138 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 165
- FWCI
- 132.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity, mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, smoking status, racial differences, sex differences, age differences, overweight, disease history
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Black or African American, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Female, Humans, Male, Mortality, Neoplasms, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Risk, Smoking, United States, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Black People, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
