The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bacteremia among Children Admitted to a Rural Hospital in Kenya
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: There are few epidemiologic data on invasive bacterial infections among children in sub-Saharan Africa. We studied every acute pediatric admission to a rural district hospital in Kenya to examine the prevalence, incidence, types, and outcome of community-acquired bacteremia. METHODS: Between August 1998 and July 2002, we cultured blood on admission from 19,339 inpatients and calculated the incidence of bacteremia on the basis of the population served by the hospital. RESULTS: Of a total of 1783 infants who were under 60 days old, 228 had bacteremia (12.8 percent), as did 866 of 14,787 children who were 60 or more days of age (5.9 percent). Among infants who were under 60 days old, Escherichia coli and group B streptococci predominated among a broad range of isolates (14 percent and 11 percent, respectively). Among infants who were 60 or more days of age, Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontyphoidal salmonella species, Haemophilus influenzae, and E. coli accounted for more than 70 percent of isolates. The minimal annual incidence of community-acquired bacteremia was estimated at 1457 cases per 100,000 children among infants under a year old, 1080 among children under 2 years, and 505 among children under 5 years. Of all in-hospital deaths, 26 percent were in children with community-acquired bacteremia. Of 308 deaths in children with bacteremia, 103 (33.4 percent) occurred on the day of admission and 217 (70.5 percent) within two days. CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired bacteremia is a major cause of death among children at a rural sub-Saharan district hospital, a finding that highlights the need for prevention and for overcoming the political and financial barriers to widespread use of existing vaccines for bacterial diseases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This incidence is lower than that reported from other developing country settings. For example, in Kenya, Berkley et al. report a minimal rate for neonatal bacteraemia of 5.5 per 1,000 live births [14].”
From A three year descriptive study of early onset neonatal sepsis in a refugee population on the Thailand Myanmar border (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A further possible explanation for the low bacteraemia incidence is the amount of blood collected for each blood culture sample and the high bacterial contamination rate. However both values were similar to that reported by Berkley et al. [14].”
From A three year descriptive study of early onset neonatal sepsis in a refugee population on the Thailand Myanmar border (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Whitney, C. G., Farley, M. M., Hadler, J. L., Harrison, L. H., Bennett, N. M., Lynfield, R., Reingold, A. L., Cieslak, P. R., Pilishvili, T., Jackson, D. M., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022823 · Cited by 2,230
Indicators of Life-Threatening Malaria in African Children
Marsh, K., Forster, D., Waruiru, C., Mwangi, I., Winstanley, M., Marsh, V., Newton, C. R. J. C., Winstanley, P., Warn, P. A., Peshu, N. M., et al. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505253322102 · Cited by 1,093
Self-citationKlugman, K. P., Madhi, S. A., Huebner, R. E., Kohberger, R. C., Mbelle, N. M., & Pierce, N. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa035060 · Cited by 1,014
PCR for capsular typing of Haemophilus influenzae
Falla, T. J., Crook, D. W. M., Brophy, L. N., Maskell, D. J., Kroll, J. S., & Moxon, E. R. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.32.10.2382-2386.1994 · Cited by 415
Mulholland, K., Hilton, S., Adegbola, R. A., Usen, S., Oparaugo, A., Omosigho, C., Weber, M., Palmer, A., Schneider, G., Jobe, K., et al. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09267-7 · Cited by 407
Bacteremia in febrile Malawian children: clinical and microbiologic features
WALSH, A. L., PHIRI, A. J., Graham, S. M., MOLYNEUX, E. M., & Molyneux, M. E. (2000) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200004000-00010 · Cited by 184
&NA; (1999) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-199910001-00004 · Cited by 181
Madhi, S. A., Petersen, K. L., Madhi, A., Wasas, A. D., & Klugman, K. P. (2000) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200012000-00004 · Cited by 162
Clinical presentation and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Malawian children
Graham, S. M., Mtitimila, E. I., Kamanga, H. S., Walsh, A. L., Hart, C. A., & Molyneux, M. E. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11074-7 · Cited by 159
Self-citationPeltola, H. (2001) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/317534 · Cited by 144
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Ghiorghis B, 1992, East Afr Med J, 69, 74
- Cotton MF, 1992, S Afr Med J, 81, 87
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–850 of 850
Parks, T., Auckland, K., Lamagni, T. L., Mentzer, A. J., Elliott, K. S., Guy, R. L., Cartledge, D., Straková, L., O’Connor, D., Pollard, A. J., et al. (2019) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/19003087
Self-citationOrajiaka, N., & Hatab, H. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22445-5_37
Parry, C. M., & Peacock, S. J. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00235-6
Kirera, R. K., Kipkirui, E. C., Koech, M. C., Ombogo, A. N., Ndonye, J. N., Kirui, M., Philip, C. O., Kipkemoi, N. C., Odundo, E. A., Flynn, A., et al. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.26300.1
Park, S. E., Thanh, D. P., Pak, G. D., Panzner, U., Espinoza, L. M. C., von Kalckreuth, V., Im, J., Mogeni, O. D., Schütt‐Gerowitt, H., Crump, J. A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.422246
Invasive atypical non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in The GambiaPreprint
Kanteh, A., Sesay, A. K., Alikhan, N.-F., Ikumapayi, U. N., Salaudeen, R., Manneh, J., Olatunji, Y., Page, A. J., & Mackenzie, G. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431831
The Epidemiology of Severe Infections in Children
Hartman, M. E., Watson, R. S., Carcillo, J. A., & Angus, D. C. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-917-0_7
Toxin-Mediated Diseases and Toxic Shock Syndrome
Steer, A. C., & Curtis, N. C. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-917-0_4
Parry, C. M., & Peacock, S. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-55512-8.00021-1
Corey, R. G. (2014) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.718206603.793492830
Munaku, H. L., Ambrose, E. E., Kidenya, B. R., Seni, J., Silago, V., Kwiyolecha, E., Mahamba, D. C., Kayange, N., & Mshana, S. E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4076835
John, C. C. (2012) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.14257019.15768175
Weisberg, S. S. (2007) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2007.09.013
André, A. V. S., Pavlinac, P. B., Jacob, S. T., Zimmerman, J. J., & Walson, J. L. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009655
RetractedIsaacs, D. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118636657.ch2
Bacteremia and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance over Time, Ghana
GroB, U., Amuzu, S. K., de Ciman, R., Kassimova, I., GroB, L., Rabsch, W., Rosenberg, U., Schulze, M. H., Stich, A., & Zimmermann, O. (2011) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1710.110327_article.htm
Gonzales, G. B., Bourke, C. D., Sturgeon, J. P., Njunge, J. M., Robertson, R. C., Kelly, P. M., & Berkley, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.959465
Self-citationKirera, R. K., Kipkirui, E. C., Koech, M. C., Ombogo, A. N., Ndonye, J. N., Kirui, M., Philip, C. O., Kipkemoi, N. C., Odundo, E. A., Flynn, A., et al. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.26300.2
Cribb, D. M., Sarmento, N., Moniz, A., Fancourt, N. S. S., Glass, K., Draper, A. D. K., Francis, J. R., dos Santos, M. M. L., da Silva, E. S., Polkinghorne, B., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.23286223
Phiri, T. N., Mutasa, K., Rukobo, S., Govha, M., Mushayanembwa, P., Mwakamui, S., Haider, T., Zyambo, K., Dumbura, C., Tome, J., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.23288163
Isramilda, & Saputra, A. I. (2023) · Scientific Journal of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.59345/sjdv.v1i2.50
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi
Sang, Y., Ren, J., & Yao, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818619-0.00005-8
Prescribing practices in the treatment of wasting: secondary analysis from a randomised trial
Rattigan, S. M., Grantz, K. H., Hanson, K. E., Langendorf, C., Berthé, F., Grais, R. F., & Isanaka, S. (2024) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000785
Goodman, R. N., Moyo, S. J., Memelis, I., Khanijau, A., Manyahi, J., Kibwana, U. O., Aboud, S., Blomberg, B., Langeland, N., & Roberts, A. P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.650962
Ochoa, T. J., & Santisteban-Ponce, J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-82763-8.00111-4 · Cited by 1
Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
Parks, T., Schaumburg, F., Ouangraoua, S., & Sonko, M. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009052733.028
Chen, W. H., Barnes, R. S., Sikorski, M. J., Datar, R. S., Sukhavasi, R. A., Liang, Y., Rapaka, R. R., Pasetti, M. F., Sztein, M. B., Wahid, R., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.25335795
Chintolo, E., Connon, R., George, E. C., Chagaluka, G., M’baya, B., Walker, A. S., Kennedy, N., & Maitland, K. (2025) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaf103
Self-citationGoodman, R. N., Moyo, S. J., Memelis, I., Khanijau, A., Manyahi, J., Kibwana, U. O., Aboud, S., Blomberg, B., Langeland, N., & Roberts, A. P. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-09008-5 · Cited by 1
Attram, N., Dela, H., Behene, E., Kyei, N. N. A., Ocansey, K., Yanney, J. N., Nyarko, E. O., Addo, K. K., Koram, K. A., Fox, A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24804205
Parajulee, P., Lee, J.-S., Abbas, K., Cannon, J. W., Excler, J. L., Kim, J. H., & Mogasale, V. (2024) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26669859
Devred, I., Ramblière, L., Herindrainy, P., Andriamarohasina, L., Harimanana, A. N., Randrianirina, F., Ratsima, E. H., Hivernaud, D., Kermorvant‐Duchemin, E., Andrianirina, Z. Z., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24257521
Serra, G., Lo Scalzo, L., Giordano, M., Giuffrè, M., Trupiano, P., Venezia, R., & Corsello, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27012265
Parajulee, P., Lee, J.-S., Abbas, K., Cannon, J. W., Excler, J. L., Kim, J. H., & Mogasale, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26669856
Etiologie bactérienne du syndrome fébrile au Gabon
Mourembou, G. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/92e60385ze201z49daza866zba03b9331422
Impact du microbiote intestinal sur les surinfections bactériennes post-grippales
Sencio, V. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/15f9ad6cz34d4z4d8azac75zece70c0fd094
Conteh, B., Galagan, S. R., Badji, H., Secka, O., Barr, B. T., Rao, S. I., Atlas, H. E., Omore, R., Ochieng, J. B., Tapia, M., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.26351078
Monkoti, M.-G. M., Nsibu, C. N., Bodi, J. M., & Jouvet, P. A. (2026) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.119162
Severe anaemia in African children: look beyond under-fives
ter Kuile, F. O., & John, C. C. (2026) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.langlo.2026.103995
The Gut–Iron–Immune Axis in Severe Anaemia and Bacteraemia
Abuga, K. M., Bate, M. Y., & Atkinson, S. H. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172753
Pokhrel, M., Adhikari, A., Adhikari, S., Bhatta, P., Bhusal, S., Khanal, S., Adhikari, A., Singh, S. K., & Shrestha, B. K. (2026) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.71052
Sugimoto, J. D., Dauvergne, C., Kumbukama, J.-P., Siribié, M., Phoba, M.-F., Mbuyamba, J., Kyung, S.-E., Jeong, E., Chung, W., dos Santos, A. R. A., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.26363156
Genotyping of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Clinical and Hospitals Environment
(2019) · University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science · doi:10.32792/utq/utjsci/vol5/3/9
Toroi, W., Musyoki, V., Max, B., Omena, D., Mothobi, N. Z., Chani, K., Chanoan, J., & Ronnachit, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1914935
Metadata
- Authors
- Berkley, J. A., Lowe, B. S., Mwangi, I., Williams, T., Bauni, E., Mwarumba, S., Ngetsa, C., Slack, M. P. E., Njenga, S., Hart, C. A., Maitland, K., English, M., Marsh, K., & Scott, J. A. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2005-01-06
- Volume
- 352
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-47
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2115179234
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 34.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (061089, 081835)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and Maternal Infections
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- community-acquired bacteremia, pediatric bacteremia, invasive bacterial infection, infants, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, in-hospital mortality, sub-Saharan Africa, rural Kenya, bacterial vaccines
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Haemophilus Infections, Hospitals, Rural, Humans, Infant, Kenya, Male, Pneumococcal Infections, Prospective Studies, HIV Infections, Incidence, Logistic Models, Bacteremia, Hospital Mortality, Community-Acquired Infections, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Malnutrition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review