The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 32 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: We investigated whether combination therapy with a statin plus a fibrate, as compared with statin monotherapy, would reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: We randomly assigned 5518 patients with type 2 diabetes who were being treated with open-label simvastatin to receive either masked fenofibrate or placebo. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes. The mean follow-up was 4.7 years. RESULTS: The annual rate of the primary outcome was 2.2% in the fenofibrate group and 2.4% in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the fenofibrate group, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.08; P=0.32). There were also no significant differences between the two study groups with respect to any secondary outcome. Annual rates of death were 1.5% in the fenofibrate group and 1.6% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.10; P=0.33). Prespecified subgroup analyses suggested heterogeneity in treatment effect according to sex, with a benefit for men and possible harm for women (P=0.01 for interaction), and a possible interaction according to lipid subgroup, with a possible benefit for patients with both a high baseline triglyceride level and a low baseline level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.057 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin did not reduce the rate of fatal cardiovascular events, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, as compared with simvastatin alone. These results do not support the routine use of combination therapy with fenofibrate and simvastatin to reduce cardiovascular risk in the majority of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000620.)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
28 Own result · 15 Own method · 7 No full text of the sources · 3 Supported so far · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.1–4”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] source
- Supportedcites [3] source
The Results state that diabetes was associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in the study population. Table 2 reports higher seven-year incidences of myocardial infarction and stroke in subjects with type 2 diabetes than in nondiabetic subjects (page numbers not provided). (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, a post hoc analysis of data from the FIELD study suggested a benefit for patients with both elevated triglyceride levels and low HDL cholesterol levels.12”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Results (p. 1) report a 27% relative reduction in CVD events with fenofibrate among FIELD participants with elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol. The discussion (p. 6) says this group had the greatest absolute benefit and cautions that the subgroup findings are exploratory, consistent with the claim’s ‘suggested’ wording. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Previous fibrate studies in subjects with diabetes10,11 or in those without diabetes13–15 did not address the role of such drugs in patients receiving statin therapy.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 2000, Circulation source
- Supportedcites [15] source
The Treatment Regimen and Follow-up section (page unavailable) describes a trial assigning patients to gemfibrozil or placebo, not a trial testing fibrates in patients receiving statin therapy. The Discussion (page unavailable) compares its findings with separate statin trials; it does not assess fibrate treatment added to statins. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no significant differences between the two study groups with respect to any secondary outcome.”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
“Hazard ratios for the secondary outcomes, including the individual components of the primary outcome, ranged from 0.82 to 1.17 (P≥0.10 for all comparisons)”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin did not reduce the rate of fatal cardiovascular events, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, as compared with simvastatin alone.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“the rates of the primary outcome did not differ significantly between the fenofibrate group and the placebo group during 4.7 years of treatment and follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“we found that combination therapy with the use of fenofibrate and simvastatin (at a daily dose of 40 mg or less) did not reduce rates of cardiovascular disease, as compared with simvastatin alone.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The annual rate of the primary outcome was 2.2% in the fenofibrate group and 2.4% in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the fenofibrate group, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.08; P = 0.32).”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
“The annual rate of the primary outcome was 2.2% in the fenofibrate group, as compared with 2.4% in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the fenofibrate group, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.08; P = 0.32 after adjustment for monitoring)”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hazard ratio in the fenofibrate group, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.08; P = 0.32”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
“hazard ratio in the fenofibrate group, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.08; P = 0.32 after adjustment for monitoring”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a possible interaction according to lipid subgroup, with a possible benefit for patients with both a high baseline triglyceride level and a low baseline level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.057 for interaction)”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · hedged
“There was also a nonsignificant suggestion of heterogeneity when patients who had a triglyceride level in the highest third (≥204 mg per deciliter [≥2.30 mmol per liter]) and an HDL cholesterol level in the lowest third (≤34 mg per deciliter [≤0.88 mmol per liter]) were compared with all the other patients (P = 0.057 for interaction).”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.10; P = 0.33”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
“hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.10; P = 0.33 for the adjusted comparison”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual rates of death were 1.5% in the fenofibrate group and 1.6% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.10; P = 0.33).”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
“Annual rates of death from all causes were 1.5% in the fenofibrate group and 1.6% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.10; P = 0.33 for the adjusted comparison).”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Although statins are efficacious in patients with type 2 diabetes, rates of cardiovascular events remain elevated in such patients even after statin treatment.7–9”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
- Supportedcites [8] source
The introduction states that statins significantly reduce cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and coronary heart disease. The Efficacy outcomes section reports that major cardiovascular events still occurred in 13.8% of patients receiving high-dose atorvastatin and 17.9% receiving low-dose atorvastatin over about five years. The study’s event rates specifically concern patients with both diabetes and established coronary heart disease. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The use of combination fibrate–statin therapy in such patients is consistent with current guidelines that recommend treatment for patients with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels that persist despite statin therapy.25”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Other Lipid Targets” section says fibrates may have an adjunctive role for high triglycerides and low HDL-C, especially with statins, and notes particular relevance to patients with diabetes. The paper presents this as an option, not a firm guideline recommendation, and does not specify that the abnormalities must persist despite statin therapy. Page numbers were not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prespecified subgroup analyses suggested heterogeneity in treatment effect according to sex, with a benefit for men and possible harm for women (P = 0.01 for interaction)”
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
“Only sex showed evidence of an interaction according to study group: the primary outcome for men was 11.2% in the fenofibrate group versus 13.3% in the placebo group, whereas the rate for women was 9.1% in the fenofibrate group versus 6.6% in the placebo group (P = 0.01 for interaction).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“In examined subgroups, only sex had a significant interaction with treatment: men seemed to benefit from fenofibrate therapy, whereas there was a trend toward harm among women.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > RESULTS
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § CLINICAL OUTCOMES · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven percent had a history of a cardiovascular event, and about 60% were taking a statin before enrollment.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the end of the study, the mean LDL cholesterol level fell from 100.0 to 81.1 mg per deciliter (2.59 to 2.10 mmol per liter) in the fenofibrate group and from 101.1 to 80.0 mg per deciliter (2.61 to 2.07 mmol per liter) in the placebo group”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > PLASMA LIPIDS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the primary outcome for men was 11.2% in the fenofibrate group versus 13.3% in the placebo group, whereas the rate for women was 9.1% in the fenofibrate group versus 6.6% in the placebo group”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > CLINICAL OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean duration of follow-up was 4.7 years for the primary outcome and 5.0 years for total rates of death.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median plasma triglyceride levels decreased from 164 to 122 mg per deciliter (1.85 to 1.38 mmol per liter) in the fenofibrate group and from 160 to 144 mg per deciliter (1.81 to 1.63 mmol per liter) in the placebo group.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > PLASMA LIPIDS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From baseline to 4 months in the fenofibrate group, the HDL cholesterol level rose 12.9% and the triglyceride level fell 35.0% among patients in the subgroup with dyslipidemia, as compared with a 7.3% rise in the HDL cholesterol level and a 24.1% decrease in the triglyceride level among all other patients receiving fenofibrate.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 5518 patients were enrolled in the ACCORD Lipid study, with 2765 assigned to receive fenofibrate plus simvastatin and 2753 assigned to receive placebo plus simvastatin.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plainn = 5,518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean age was 62 years, and 31% of the patients were female.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this subgroup of patients with high triglyceride levels and low HDL cholesterol levels, the primary outcome rate was 12.4% in the fenofibrate group, versus 17.3% in the placebo group, whereas such rates were 10.1% in both study groups for all other patients.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“patients who had both a triglyceride level in the highest third and an HDL cholesterol level in the lowest third (which we termed the subgroup with dyslipidemia) appeared to benefit from fenofibrate, whereas all other patients receiving fenofibrate did not.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > CLINICAL OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean HDL cholesterol levels increased from 38.0 to 41.2 mg per deciliter (0.98 to 1.07 mmol per liter) in the fenofibrate group and from 38.2 to 40.5 mg per deciliter (0.99 to 1.05 mmol per liter) in the placebo group.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > PLASMA LIPIDS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mean serum creatinine levels increased from 0.93 to 1.10 mg per deciliter (82 to 97 µmol per liter) in the fenofibrate group within the first year and remained relatively stable thereafter. In the placebo group, mean serum creatinine levels increased from 0.93 to 1.04 mg per deciliter (82 to 92 µmol per liter) during the course of the trial”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > SAFETY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of primary and secondary outcomes were performed with the use of time-to-event methods, according to the intention-to-treat principle”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between-group differences were also examined in prespecified subgroups on 10 baseline characteristics”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There has also been longstanding concern regarding an increased risk of myositis or rhabdomyolysis when fibrates are added to statins.26,27”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the end of the study, approximately 80% of patients were still taking simvastatin in each group, and an additional 6% were taking an alternative study-approved agent for lowering LDL cholesterol.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The drug manufacturers had no role in the design of the study, in the accrual or analysis of the data, or in the preparation of the manuscript.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STUDY OVERSIGHT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the final study visit, 77.3% of the patients in the fenofibrate group and 81.3% of those in the placebo group were taking their assigned medication.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average daily dose of simvastatin during the follow-up period was 22.3 mg in the fenofibrate group and 22.4 mg in the placebo group.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > RESULTS > STUDY PATIENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was performed centrally on the trial’s Web site with the use of permuted blocks to maintain concealment of study-group assignments.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STUDY PROCEDURES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Fibrate therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduced the rate of coronary heart disease events in the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00035711)10 but not in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN64783481).11”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The latter is characterized by elevated plasma triglyceride levels, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles.5,6”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary outcome and total rates of death were monitored by the data and safety monitoring board, using O’Brien–Fleming boundaries determined by the Lan–DeMets approach.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cox models contained a term representing study-group assignment plus terms for the following prespecified variables: assignment to the intensive glycemic intervention, the seven clinical-center networks, and the presence or absence of a previous cardiovascular event.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Previous studies11,22 have raised concern about increases in serum creatinine levels during fenofibrate treatment.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients provided written informed consent.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > ELIGIBILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was designed to recruit 5800 patients, with a power of 87% to detect a 20% reduction in the rate of the primary outcome for patients in the fenofibrate group, as compared with placebo, assuming a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, a primary outcome rate of 2.4% per year in the placebo group, and an average follow-up of approximately 5.6 years for patients who did not have an event.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the primary outcome and rates of death, P values have been adjusted to account for the number, timing, and results of interim analyses.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the protocol was approved by a review panel at the NHLBI, as well as by the institutional review board or ethics committee at each center.”
§ Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus > METHODS > STUDY DESIGN
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The same analysis also finds that fibrates reduce the incidence of coronary events, but not death.”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [94]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Potential use of fibrates to reduce TG levels is quite limited, due to the risk of myopathy if given with statins and the little benefit demonstrated in RCTs, aside from sub-group analysis including subjects with very high TG levels.200,270,271”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD, LEADER and VA-COOP trials could not confirm that fibrates reduce the incidence of MACE at a 5% significance level, whilst a significant MACE reduction was observed in the FIELD and VA-HIT trials [91–94].”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [262]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies to date have not demonstrated an overall benefit of fibrates for reduction of cardiovascular or total mortality (165-169).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [169]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“An a priori analysis demonstrated that a decrease in triglyceride and elevation of HDL cholesterol levels was associated with a decrease in primary events, while at the same time, there was an increase in death in females (169).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [169]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because the four drug classes described above (fibrates, niacin, n-3 fatty acids, and statins) have different underlying mechanisms in reducing triglyceride levels, as well as correcting other associated dyslipidemias, there is a considerable potential for use of drug combinations based on complementary mechanisms (169, 186).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [169]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“With the exception of the FIELD trial, all these trials involved patients who were receiving statins.”
From Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prior CV outcome studies that administered therapies with TG‐lowering effects (niacin or fenofibrate) on top of statin therapy did not reach their primary endpoints.”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that triglyceride (TG) elevation is an independent risk factor for increased cardiovascular (CV) events”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological, biological, and genetic studies have provided robust evidence of a strong association between elevated TG levels and higher rates of CV events.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Finally, any benefits to TG‐lowering therapies may be most pronounced among statin‐treated patients in the higher range of TG elevation (ie, ≥200 mg/dL),4, 5, 6 for whom randomized prospectively designed outcome studies have not been previously conducted prior to the REDUCE‐IT study.”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prespecified subgroup analyses suggested heterogeneity in treatment effects with possible benefit for men with both a triglyceride level $204 mg/dL ($2.3 mmol/L) and an HDL cholesterol level #34 mg/dL (#0.9 mmol/L) (159).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [159]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistently, creatinine elevations observed in the FIELD [77] and ACCORD-Lipid [80] trials resolved after treatment discontinuation and were not associated with markers of tubular damage.”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although these initial changes in creatinine levels and estimated GFR are true, newer data from well-designed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) show that these changes do not affect the actual kidney function [6,7,8].”
From The Effect of Fibrates on Kidney Function and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Double blinding was reported to have been used in 4 studies (32,35,37,38), with 1 reporting that renal outcomes such as serum creatinine measurements were performed by individuals blinded to study treatment (38).”
From Effects of Fibrates in Kidney Disease (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fenofibrate caused an acute, sustained plasma creatinine increase in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) and Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) studies.”
From Effects of fenofibrate on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) Study (2011) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD Lipid trial, which examined patients on a background of statin treatment and high use of renin-angiotensin system blockade, recently confirmed our finding that fenofibrate caused an acute plasma creatinine rise and long-term reduction of micro-and macroalbuminuria, with no adverse effect on end-stage renal disease compared with placebo [1,2].”
From Effects of fenofibrate on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) Study (2011) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fenofibrate induces early and reversible reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)”
From Associations of Fenofibrate Therapy With Incidence and Progression of CKD in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Evidence supporting the prescription of fibrates for cardiovascular prevention remains debated.”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials examining the cardiovascular benefits of FF alone or combined with statins have produced mixed results.”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In general, the addition of FF to baseline simvastatin therapy failed to demonstrate an improvement in the prospectively selected primary or secondary cardiovascular endpoints which were prospectively monitored (fatal CV events, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke etc.).”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Only in pre-specified subgroup analyses was there a suggested heterogeneity in treatment effect according to sex, with a benefit for men (P=0.01 for interaction), and a possible interaction according to lipid subgroup, favoring those patients with both a high baseline TG level and a low baseline level of HLDC (P=0.057 for interaction) [2].”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Only in pre-specified subgroup analyses was there a suggested heterogeneity in treatment effect according to sex, with a benefit for men (P=0.01 for interaction), and a possible interaction according to lipid subgroup, favoring those patients with both a high baseline TG level and a low baseline level of HLDC (P=0.057 for interaction) [2].”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, a previous trial of niacin 4 and two previous trials of fenofibrate 5,6 showed no significant decrease in cardiovascular risk, although triglyceride levels were lowered by 26%, 29%, and 26%, respectively.”
From Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, our data further highlight the complexity of lipid mediators of residual risk among patients with insulin resistance who are receiving statin therapy. 6,23-25”
From Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, these studies also did not prospectively enroll patients with elevated TG levels despite statin therapy,6, 12, 13, 14, 15”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“subgroup analyses suggested possible benefits to TG lowering in patients with dyslipidemia.5, 6”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, randomized data from large outcome studies across broad populations regarding pharmacological TG lowering and effect on CV outcomes have been mixed (Table 4).1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, TG reduction lowers several inflammatory markers associated with CV risk, and subgroup and post hoc analyses of outcome studies suggest possible reductions in major CV events with TG‐lowering therapy.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The subgroup data (Table 5) from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Lipid,6 Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides and Impact on Global Health Outcomes (AIM‐HIGH),5 and JELIS4 trials further support a prospective study of EPA in a broader patient population with hypertriglyceridemia, as exemplified in REDUCE‐IT, as a potent”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While these agents effectively lower TG and raise HDL-C, their CVD benefit has been inconsistent across trials, especially those with background statin therapy use.”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, the FIELD and ACCORD studies did not demonstrate significant reductions in major adverse CVD events (MACE) in the overall study populations, though subgroup analyses suggested potential benefit in patients with high TG and low HDL-C [61, 62].”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While these agents effectively lower TG and raise HDL-C, their CVD benefit has been inconsistent across trials, especially those with background statin therapy use.”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, the FIELD and ACCORD studies did not demonstrate significant reductions in major adverse CVD events (MACE) in the overall study populations, though subgroup analyses suggested potential benefit in patients with high TG and low HDL-C [61, 62].”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study, addition of fenofibrate to statin therapy did not result in significant beneficial effects on CVD risk”
From The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk (2019) · cites this paper as [146]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a subgroup of patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia may have derive CV benefit from the combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin”
From The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk (2019) · cites this paper as [146]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the ACCORD study, in people with type 2 diabetes who were at high risk for ASCVD, the combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin did not reduce the rate of fatal cardiovascular events, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke compared with simvastatin alone.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [159]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the ACCORD study, in people with type 2 diabetes who were at high risk for ASCVD, the combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin did not reduce the rate of fatal cardiovascular events, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke compared with simvastatin alone (153).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [153]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, later studies conducted largely in patients receiving statin therapy, such as FIELD [77] and ACCORD-Lipid [80], did not demonstrate a reduction in major cardiovascular events with fenofibrate in the overall study populations.”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In fact, the FIELD [6], the ACCORD [7] and the DAIS [8] trials showed a beneficial effect of fibrates on albuminuria in diabetic patients; an established marker of early microvascular disease and a predictor of adverse CVD outcomes and kidney disease progression.”
From The Effect of Fibrates on Kidney Function and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Fenofibrate has been shown to decrease albuminuria in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes [10] and in humans [1,2,11].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Data from the ACCORD trial previously demonstrated that fenofibrate induced early and reversible reduction in kidney function without significant differences in onset of ESRD.13, 14”
From Associations of Fenofibrate Therapy With Incidence and Progression of CKD in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis pooling outcomes from these trials found that fibrates significantly reduce the risk of MACE by −10% (95% CI − 0 to − 18, p = 0.048) [94, 95].”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“However, SBP >140 mmHg or <120 mmHg were related to higher risk of adverse renal outcomes in patients with diabetes when compared with those without diabetes and with high CV risk.”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, TG reduction lowers several inflammatory markers associated with CV risk, and subgroup and post hoc analyses of outcome studies suggest possible reductions in major CV events with TG‐lowering therapy.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Overall, 4 trials had a Jadad score of 4 (24,25,32,35), 1 scored 3 (33), 2 scored 2 (29,31), and 1 scored 1 (30).”
From Effects of Fibrates in Kidney Disease (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“But when used in combination with statins no further risk reduction was observed,46”
From Clinical review on triglycerides (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In most cases of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis, there are drug interactions with a higher-than-standard dose of statin or combination with gemfibrozil.200”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
In the citing paper
“However, fibrates were demonstrated to cause side effects such as liver dysfunction and increase in creatinine levels, and thus large-scale clinical trials of fibrates have shown negative results for prevention of ASCVD.”
From Pemafibrate, a new selective PPARα modulator: drug concept and its clinical applications for dyslipidemia and metabolic diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, in subsequent trials, including Benzafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study (using bezafibrate alone) [7], Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study (using fenofibrate alone) [8], and the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD)-lipid study (using fenofibrate on top of simvastatin) [9], primary endpoints were statistically negative and”
From Pemafibrate, a new selective PPARα modulator: drug concept and its clinical applications for dyslipidemia and metabolic diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Of note, when data from several fibrate trials were stratified by lipid profiles, it appeared that individuals with hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may have a reduction in cardiovascular risk with the addition of fibrates to background statin therapy.130,133–135”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [130]
In the citing paper
“Combinations of statins with fibrates, niacin, or fish oil have thus far generally failed to demonstrate cardiovascular benefits beyond that achieved with statins alone.128–132”
From Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2020) · cites this paper as [130]
In the citing paper
“Both studies had relatively short follow-up periods and the evidence from statin trials indicates that the clinical benefits of LDL-lowering may only emerge after about 1 year [51], so these trials may have underestimated the potential impact of longer-term treatment [120,290].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [290]
In the citing paper
“Early preliminary data from phase III trials suggests a reduction of CV events in line with the LDL-C reduction achieved [286,290,291].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [290]
In the citing paper
“Several outcome trials assessing the effects of adding a PCSK9 inhibitor to high-intensity statin therapy have now been reported, with similar proportional reductions in major vascular events in women and men [120,286,290].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [290]
In the citing paper
“This fibrate is easy to take, and has shown an excellent safety record in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes and Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes trials, although additional CVD benefit has not been demonstrated, and serum creatinine was reversibly increased during treatment.46,47”
In the citing paper
“In the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, 141 in patients with type 2 diabetes the combination therapy of fenofibrate with simvastatin did not reduce the rates of CVD as compared with simvastatin alone when all the patients were analysed together.”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“However, the HDL-raising effect has been markedly less (,5%) in the long-term intervention trials in people with type 2 diabetes 127,141”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“However, patients who had both TG levels in the higher third (≥2.3 mmol/L or ≥204 mg/ dL) and an HDL-C level below the lower third (≤0.88 mmol/L or ≤34 mg/dL)-representing 17% of all participants-appeared to benefit from the combination therapy.”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD trial has confirmed this: patients who had both TG levels in the higher third (≥2.3 mmol/L, ≥204 mg/dL) and an HDL-C level below the lower third (≤0.88 mmol/L, ≤34 mg/ dL)-representing 17% of all participants-appeared to benefit from adding fenofibrate to simvastatin.141”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“However, the HDL-raising effect has been markedly less ( ≏ 5%) in the long-term intervention trials in people with type 2 diabetes 261,262”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVDoutcomeswith gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes. 261,262,265”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD trial confirmed this: patients who had both TG levels in the higher third [ ≥ 2.3 mmol/L (204 mg/dL)] and an HDL-C level in the lower third [ ≤ 0.88 mmol/L (34 mg/dL)], representing 17% of all participants, appeared to benefit from adding fenofibrate to simvastatin. 262”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“For instance, lipid‐modifying agents such as fenofibrate and pemafibrate primarily lower triglycerides but have shown limited cardiovascular benefit, with only a non‐significant trend toward risk reduction in large outcome trials [43, 44].”
From Efficacy and Safety of Orforglipron in Obese Adults With or Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD trial confirmed this: patients who had both TG levels in the higher third [!2.3 mmol/L (204 mg/dL)] and an HDL-C level in the lower third [ 0.88 mmol/L (34 mg/ dL)], representing 17% of all participants, appeared to benefit from adding fenofibrate to simvastatin.262”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“In this study, gemfibrozil significantly suppressed the incidence of CAD by 34% in middle-aged men in primary prevention; these men had non-HDL-C levels of 200 mg/dL or higher.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [648]
In the citing paper
“The SHARP study695), although the design of which does not fit into this “CQ22”, showed that combination therapy using statin and ezetimibe in patients with CKD (including those for both primary prevention and secondary prevention) suppressed ASCVD incidence compared to placebo.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [695]
In the citing paper
“In a meta-analysis including CARDS804), LDL-C-lowering therapy using statins greatly decreases CAD-related mortality, CVD, and cerebral infarction in diabetic patients.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [804]
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD lipid trial found no benefit of adding fenofibrate to statin therapy43”
From Diabetes in Older Adults: A Consensus Report (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“For patients with diabetes mellitus and statin therapy, fibrates have not been shown to provide any further reduction of risk [87–89].”
From HDL cholesterol: reappraisal of its clinical relevance (2017) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, combination therapy with statin plus EPA in this high-risk subgroup reduced CVD risk by 53% compared with statin monotherapy, 503 even though the dose of EPA (up to 1.8 g/d) translated into minimal triglyceride reduction (5% between groups).”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [503]
Citations
Cites
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Levey, A. S., Bosch, J. P., Lewis, J. B., Greene, T., Rogers, N., Roth, D., & for the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group* (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002 · Cited by 15,079
Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802743 · Cited by 7,888
Self-citationHaffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Rönnemaa, T., Pyörälä, K., & Laakso, M. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199807233390404 · Cited by 7,000
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Merz, C. N. B., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133317.49796.0e · Cited by 6,902
Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., Wentworth, D., & The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 · Cited by 4,063
Self-citationHelsinki Heart Study: Primary-Prevention Trial with Gemfibrozil in Middle-Aged Men with Dyslipidemia
Frick, M. H., Elo, O., Haapa, K., Heinonen, O. P., Heinsalmi, P., Helo, P., Huttunen, J. K., Kaitaniemi, P., Koskinen, P., Manninen, V., et al. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198711123172001 · Cited by 3,881
Colhoun, H. M., Betteridge, D. J., Durrington, P. N., Hitman, G. A., W Neil, H. A., Livingstone, S. J., Thomason, M. J., Mackness, M. I., Charlton-Menys, V., & Fuller, J. H. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16895-5 · Cited by 3,755
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,801–1,900 of 2,856
Puri, R., Nissen, S. E., Menon, V., Shao, M., Hsu, A., Bakris, G. L., Kastelein, J. J. P., Williams, B., Armbrecht, J., Brunel, P., et al. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.019 · Cited by 5
Dyslipidemia and Chronic Kidney Disease
Nitta, K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54637-2_6 · Cited by 5
Statins: An Update on Clinical Issues and Selected Adverse Effects
Gulum, A. H., & Hume, A. L. (2015) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.09.004 · Cited by 5
Alipour, N., Wong, N. D., & Malik, S. (2012) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.12.13 · Cited by 5
Managing the Dyslipidemia of Metabolic Syndrome: Beyond Statin Therapy
Jialal, I., & Smith, G. J. (2012) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2012.1500 · Cited by 5
“5,9 Also, in the pre-specified subgroup analyses, there was a benefit for men and possible harm for women.”
Valor de la dislipemia en el conjunto de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular
Barrios, V., & Escobar, C. (2011) · Revista Española de Cardiología Suplementos · doi:10.1016/s1131-3587(11)70012-7 · Cited by 6
Implications of high-dose statin link with incident diabetes
Davidson, M. H. (2011) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2011.118 · Cited by 5
Nissen, S. E. (2011) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.208 · Cited by 5
Weart, C. W., & Hogan, R. J. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.516747 · Cited by 5
Black Box Warnings: What Do They Mean to Pharmacists and Patients
Martin, C. M., & Borgelt, L. M. (2012) · The Consultant Pharmacist · doi:10.4140/tcp.n.2012.482 · Cited by 5
Characteristics associated with informed consent for genetic studies in the ACCORD trial
Simons‐Morton, D. G., Chan, J. C., Kimel, A. R., et al. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.12.002 · Cited by 5
“Interventions were successful in achieving significant differences inHbA1C levels, BP levels, and triglyceride levels between the intervention and its respective control group [18–20].”
BackgroundAttainment of Normal Lipid Levels Among Patients on Lipid-Modifying Therapy in Hong Kong
Ambegaonkar, B. M., Chirovsky, D. R., Tse, H., Lau, Y. K., Tomlinson, B., Li, S. K., Yue, C. S., Wong, T. H., Choi, M. C., Tunggal, P., et al. (2012) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-012-0017-9 · Cited by 5
Blood Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Chang, T. I., Cheung, A. K., & Chertow, G. M. (2010) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.08.007 · Cited by 5
Brown, W. V., Foody, J. M., Zieve, F. J., Tomassini, J. E., Shah, A. K., & Tershakovec, A. M. (2015) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.10.002 · Cited by 5
Abbas, A., Saraf, S., Ramachandran, S., Raju, J., & Ramachandran, S. (2012) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130594 · Cited by 5
Pfeffer, M. A. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.960146 · Cited by 5
Proceedings of the Christiana Care Health System Value Institute Value Symposium
Clarke, J. L. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/1062860612459480 · Cited by 5
Galve, E., Guijarro, C., Marín, L. M., & Cordero, A. (2015) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2015.09.002 · Cited by 6
Lipids and cardiovascular disease 3 Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease
Nordestgaard, B. G., & Varbo, A. (2014) · Cited by 5
Su, C., Chen, K. J., Sheu, W. H., Yang, Y. L., Liu, T.-J., Chang, W. C., Wang, K. Y., & Lee, W.-L. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.6515/acs20150421a · Cited by 6
Bender, S. L., Sherry, N., & Masia, R. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcpc1208145 · Cited by 5
Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Pinto, A., Versaci, F., Procaccini, E., Neri, G., Sesti, G., Uccioli, L., Vetere, M., Peruzzi, M., & Nudi, F. (2016) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000000399 · Cited by 5
Terapia con fibratos: uso racional del fenofibrato 2016. Resumen ejecutivo
Brea, Á., Millán, J., Ascaso, J. F., Blasco, M., Rodríguez, Á. D., González‐Santos, P., Hernández‐Mijares, A., Mantilla, T., Pedro‐Botet, J., & Pintó, X. (2016) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2016.06.001 · Cited by 5
Current Consensus and Controversies in Guidelines for Lipid and Hypertension Management in Diabetes
Ganda, O. P., & Mitri, J. (2016) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0790-1 · Cited by 6
Toth, P. P. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-963-5_3 · Cited by 5
Cardiovascular outcomes trials with non-statin lipid-lowering drugs in diabetes
Naeem, F., McKay, G. A., & Fisher, M. (2018) · British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.15277/bjd.2018.180 · Cited by 5
Silva, A. M. E., Aguíar, C., Duarte, J. S., Couto, L., Veríssimo, M. T., & da Silva, P. M. (2019) · Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia · doi:10.1016/j.repc.2019.03.005 · Cited by 5
Determinants of Treatment Modification in Hypercholesterolemic Patients.
Wang, K.-F., Wu, C., Chang, C., Chen, L., Wang, K.-L., Lu, T., Lin, S., & Chiang, C. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.6515/acs20161215a · Cited by 5
Ruiz‐García, A., Arranz-Martínez, E., García-Fernández, M. E., Cabrera-Vélez, R., García-Pliego, R. A., Morales-Cobos, L. E., Sanz-Pozo, B., Gómez-Díaz, E., Rodríguez-de-Mingo, E., Rico-Pérez, M. R., et al. (2021) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.artere.2020.12.003 · Cited by 5
Feingold, K. R. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 10
Khan, M. S., Ishaq, M., Ayub, M. T., Rehman, A. U., Hayes, J. J., Mortada, M. E., & Biederman, R. W. (2021) · Journal of Lipids · doi:10.1155/2021/6696915 · Cited by 6
Dyslipidemia and Cardiometabolic Syndrome
Hsiao, Y.-C., & Wu, C. (2021) · CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal · doi:10.51789/cmsj.2021.1.e2 · Cited by 5
Zhou, W., Yu, Y., Zhu, L., Fang, W., Yu, T., Li, M., Huang, X. B., Wang, T., Bao, H., & Cheng, X. (2021) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2021/7722269 · Cited by 5
“Recently, researchers have focused on the important role of lipids in patients with diabetes [4, 5].”
BackgroundMcRae, M., & Wang, C. C. L. (2022) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2021.11.012 · Cited by 7
Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Women of Childbearing Age: a Review and Stepwise Clinical Approach
Grant, J. K., Snow, S. C., Kelsey, M. D., Rymer, J. A., Schaffer, A. E., Patel, M. R., McGarrah, R. W., Pagidipati, N. J., & Shah, N. P. (2022) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01751-z · Cited by 5
Assessment of lipid profile with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients
Al-Shaheeb, S., Hashim, H. K., Mohammed, A. K., et al. (2022) · Bionatura · doi:10.21931/rb/2022.07.03.29 · Cited by 5
He, P., Gan, X., Wu, Q., Ye, Z., Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., et al. (2022) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00905-x · Cited by 6
“A subgroup of patients in the ACCORD study was enrolled in the ACCORD lipid trial and underwent randomization, in a 2-by-2 factorial design, to receive simvastatin plus either fenofibrate or placebo [15].”
MethodKatakura, Y., Shimoda, M., Ohnishi, M., Kusano, T., Dan, K., Isobe, H., Wamata, R., Iwamoto, Y., Fushimi, Y., Sanada, J., et al. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.02.011 · Cited by 5
Warren, R. A., Carew, A. S., Andreou, P., Levy, A. P., Sapp, J. L., Lache, O., Ginsberg, H. N., Rimm, E. B., Herman, C. R., Kirkland, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030288 · Cited by 5
Vechoropoulos, M., Ish‐Shalom, M., Shaklai, S., Sack, J., Stern, N., & Tordjman, K. M. (2014) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2014/124583 · Cited by 5
Wakida, Y., Suzuki, S. O., on behalf of APPROACH-J Investigators Hirohiko Nomura, & Isomura, T. (2011) · Japanese Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4137/jcm.s7863 · Cited by 5
Inzucchi, S. E., & Sherwin, R. S. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1604-7.00562-5 · Cited by 5
Nakaya, K., Ayaori, M., & Ikewaki, K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812513-7.00006-9 · Cited by 5
Diabetes-Related Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Events
Fonseca, V. A., & Lovre, D. (2017) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.06.011 · Cited by 5
Brea, Á., Millán, J., Ascaso, J. F., Blasco, M., Díaz, A., Hernández‐Mijares, A., Mantilla, T., Pedro‐Botet, J., & Pintó, X. (2018) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.artere.2018.06.002 · Cited by 5
Beyond Statins: Who and When to Prescribe?
Ganda, O. P. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1087-0 · Cited by 5
Wang, L., Xiang, L., Piao, S., Gong, X., Zhou, W.-X., Feng, W., Li, H.-L., Li, L., Wei, A., Zhu, Q., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s309419 · Cited by 5
Lee, Y., Lee, J., Chung, H., Woo, J., Lee, B.-C., & Kim, W. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12030408 · Cited by 4
“However, there are no treatments for hyperTG, which have been found to reduce CVD cases in double-blind, randomized studies conducted on patients who are already undergoing statin treatment [15,16].”
BackgroundOta, T., Ishii, H., Suzuki, S., Shibata, Y., Tatami, Y., Harata, S., Shimbo, Y., Takayama, Y., Tanaka, A., Kawamura, Y., et al. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.012 · Cited by 5
Fenofibrate and diabetic retinopathy
Fagan, X. J., & Chong, E. W. T. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12539 · Cited by 5
“01, but neither result itself was statistically significant.(6) 3 NNT An epidemiological measure of effectiveness, this represents the number of patients that are required to undergo the intervention to prevent one person from having the outcome.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, Y. F., GUO, Y., Zhuang, X., & Du, Z. (2014) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2940 · Cited by 5
Blood Lipids and Stroke: What More Can We Do Besides Reducing Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol?
Deplanque, D., & Amarenco, P. (2011) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-011-0186-z · Cited by 5
Optimal Blood Pressure for a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insight from the ACCORD Study
Weir, M. R., & Bakris, G. L. (2010) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-010-0145-z · Cited by 5
A Personalized Approach to Metabolic Aspects of Obesity
Brietzke, S. (2010) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.20206 · Cited by 5
Fibrates: old drugs with a new role in type 2 diabetes prevention?
Elkeles, R. S. (2011) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1474651410397245 · Cited by 5
Farnier, M., Dong, Q., Shah, A. K., Johnson‐Levonas, A. O., & Brudi, P. (2011) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-10-212 · Cited by 5
“Moreover the presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia, which is characterized by low HDL-C and elevated fasting and postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels, contributes strongly to CHD risk even when LDL-C is well controlled [3,4].”
BackgroundTreatment of Dyslipidemia in Elderly Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Toth, P. P. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1356 · Cited by 5
Islet amyloid polypeptide is not a target antigen for CD8+ T-cells in type 2 diabetes.
Kalantar, F., Dabbaghmanesh, M. H., Martinuzzi, E., Moghadami, M., & Amirghofran, Z. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.22034/iji.2014.16760 · Cited by 5
Krysiak, R. G., Żmuda, W., Marek, B., & Okopień, B. (2015) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.2015.0017 · Cited by 5
Streja, E., Streja, D. A., Soohoo, M., Kleine, C., Hsiung, J., Park, C., & Moradi, H. (2018) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.007 · Cited by 5
Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2010
Messinger‐Rapport, B. J., Morley, J. E., Thomas, D. R., & Gammack, J. K. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.08.007 · Cited by 5
Heart Failure in Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review
Sohrabi, C., Saberwal, B., Lim, W. Y., Tousoulis, D., Ahsan, S., & Παπαγεωργίου, Ν. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666201118091659 · Cited by 5
Paneni, F., & Cosentino, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17762-5_9 · Cited by 5
Abdelhafiz, A. H. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470744093.ch5 · Cited by 5
Commentary: Epidemiology, Comparative Effectiveness Research, and the National Institutes of Health
Lauer, M. S., & Hodes, R. J. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3182262ac6 · Cited by 5
(2013) · Kidney International Supplements · doi:10.1038/kisup.2013.42 · Cited by 5
Targeting Triglycerides: The Rise of Apolipoprotein C3 and Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 Inhibitors
Mansoor, T., Nambi, V., Parikh, S. S., Misra, A., Ismayl, M., Sullivan, C., Sperling, L. S., Virani, S. S., Rifai, M. A., Koshy, S. K. G., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-025-00748-7 · Cited by 4
“Data on fibrate formulations have not demonstrated cardiovascular benefit despite TG lowering, with both fenofibrate and pemafibrate showing no significant benefits on cardiovascular events [15, 16].”
Fibrates : Do They Still Have a Role in Therapy in 2025?
Pirillo, A., Zambon, A., & Catapano, A. L. (2025) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01379-8 · Cited by 4
New and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for ApoB-Containing Particles Lowering
Gaudet, D., Larouche, M., Raal, F. J., & Catapano, A. L. (2026) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.126.327270 · Cited by 5
All at sea: new lipid-lowering drug trials continue to disappoint
Wierzbicki, A. S. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12126 · Cited by 4
New perspectives in cardiovascular risk reduction: focus on HDL
Paolillo, S., Ratta, G. L. D., Vitagliano, A., Cirillo, A., Lardino, E., Formisano, T., Fabiani, I., Pellegrino, A. M., Riello, P., & Filardi, P. P. (2015) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2013.88 · Cited by 4
Sabbour, H. M., Bhatt, D. L., Elhenawi, Y., Aljaberi, A. K., Bennani, L., Fiad, T. M., Hasan, K. Y., Hashmani, S., Hijazi, R. A., Khan, Z., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-023-07519-z · Cited by 4
“…TG and low HDL-cholesterol levels, the risk of coronary events (death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was not mitigated upon fibrate use [60]; and in the ACCORD-Lipid trial, 200 mg fibrates did not lead to reduction in the rate of fatal CV events, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke [61].”
Andersson, D. P., Littmann, K., Kindborg, G., Eklund, D., Sejersen, K., Yan, J., Hogling, D. E., Parini, P., & Brinck, J. W. (2024) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeae010 · Cited by 4
Social and Structural Determinants of Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes
MENSAH, P. A., VALDEZ, K., Gyawali, A., & Snell‐Bergeon, J. K. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-024-01541-7 · Cited by 5
Papadopoulos, N., Arvaniti, E., Angelopoulos, T. P., Τζιόμαλος, Κ., Tembra, M. S., Díaz-Díaz, J. L., Niet, S. D., Silva, S. D., & Doupis, J. (2024) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.70047 · Cited by 5
“This was especially the case for statin-treated type 2 diabetic mellitus patients, as shown by the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) lipid study [10], as elevated TG and low HDL-C increased cardiovascular risk compared with patients without this dyslipidaemia.”
InfluentialWierzbicki, A. S. (2011) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02769.x · Cited by 4
Achieving optimal lipid goals in the metabolic syndrome: A global health problem
Karalis, D. G. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.039 · Cited by 4
Hermans, M. P., Bouénizabila, E., Amoussou-Guénou, D., Ahn, S. A., & Rousseau, M. F. (2015) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0226-z · Cited by 4
Colesterol HDL bajo o hipofunción HDL
Civeira, F., & Burillo, E. (2012) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2012.01.006 · Cited by 4
Systematic review and meta-analysis of Statins-Fibrates therapy in diabetic dyslipidemia patients
Zheng, S. (2014) · World Journal of Meta-Analysis · doi:10.13105/wjma.v2.i4.194 · Cited by 4
Incorporation of PCSK9 inhibitors into prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Wójcik, C. (2017) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1376570 · Cited by 4
Smith, L. B., Desai, N. R., Dowd, B. E., Everhart, A. O., Herrin, J. S., Higuera, L., Jeffery, M. M., Jena, A. B., Ross, J. S., Shah, N. D., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Health Economics and Management · doi:10.1007/s10754-020-09282-2 · Cited by 4
Triglycerides and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.
Puri, R., Mehta, V., Iyengar, S. S., Narasingan, S. N., Duell, P. B., Sattur, G. B., Vijayaraghavan, K., Mohan, J. C., Wangnoo, S. K., Dalal, J. J., et al. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Petrák, O., & Češka, R. (2019) · Vnitřní lékařství · doi:10.36290/vnl.2019.134 · Cited by 4
Association between Pemafibrate Therapy and Triglyceride to HDL-Cholesterol Ratio
Imamura, T., Narang, N., & Kinugawa, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11102820 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, triglyceride-lowering therapy with fibrates has not been shown to offer considerable cardiovascular disease risk reduction in large randomized control [5].”
BackgroundBaragetti, A. (2022) · Metabolism and Target Organ Damage · doi:10.20517/mtod.2022.09 · Cited by 4
Iwakura, T., Yasu, T., Tomoe, T., Ueno, A., Sugiyama, T., Otani, N., Kawamoto, S., & Nakajima, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12041481 · Cited by 4
“Clinical trials with niacin [6] and fenofibrate [7,8] failed to show conclusive cardiovascular outcome data indicating that lowering serum TG levels may reduce cardiovascular events.”
BackgroundEnea, I., & Martelli, E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12113652 · Cited by 5
“The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD)-lipid trial was designed to investigate the combination of fenofibrate plus a statin compared with statin monotherapy in patients with diabetes mellitus, it showed no significant difference between the two groups to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseas…”
BackgroundMahé, G., Böge, G., Bura-Rivière, A., Chakfé, N., Constans, J., Gouëffic, Y., Lacroix, P., Hello, C. L., Pernod, G., Pérez‐Martin, A., et al. (2023) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2023.08.023 · Cited by 4
König, C. S., Mann, A., McFarlane, R., Marriott, J. F., Price, M. J., & Ramachandran, S. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123208 · Cited by 5
“…[36], both using gemfibrozil, reduced CVD, this was not observed in the three subsequent studies not using gemfibrozil (Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention study [37], Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes [38] and Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes– LIPID [39]).”
ResultIs there still a place for fenofibrate-statin combination therapy?
Farnier, M., Vrablı́k, M., & Catapano, A. L. (2023) · European Atherosclerosis Journal · doi:10.56095/eaj.v2i3.55 · Cited by 4
“After a mean follow-up of 4.7 years, the combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin did not reduce the rate of the primary endpoint (first occurrence of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes) compared to simvastatin alone [18].”
BackgroundInfluentialHeterogeneity of diabetic dyslipidemia, data from the NHANES (2011–2016)
Li, Y.-S., Liu, J., Huang, N., Cui, H., & Li, J. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037173 · Cited by 4
Si, P. E. H., Parker, S., Abdelhafiz, D., Summerbell, A. M., Muzulu, S., & Abdelhafiz, A. H. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111662 · Cited by 4
Lifestyle Modification Is the First Line Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes
Masuo, K. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/56377 · Cited by 3
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in 2015
Aronow, W. S. (2015) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000000358 · Cited by 4
Cardiometabolic interventions – focus on transcriptional regulators
Chai, J. T., & Choudhury, R. P. (2013) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.5083/ejcm.20424884.102 · Cited by 4
Hochholzer, W., & Giugliano, R. P. (2012) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0290-8 · Cited by 3
Kirk, J. K., Craven, T. E., Lipkin, E. W., Katula, J. A., Pedley, C. F., O’Connor, P. J., & Margolis, K. L. (2013) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.02.001 · Cited by 4
“[24] The ACCORD study group, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse 3rd JR, Leiter LA, et al.”
BackgroundMethodTreatment of diabetic vasculopathy: an overview
Rahman, S., Majumder, & Rahman (2011) · Research and Reports in Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.2147/rred.s17512 · Cited by 4
Novedades en cardiología clínica: nuevos enfoques de viejos retos
Borràs, X., Murga, N., Ripoll, T., & Gómez‐Doblas, J. J. (2012) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2011.10.033 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- The ACCORD Study Group
- Corresponding author
- The ACCORD Study Group
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2010-04-29
- Volume
- 362
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1563-1574
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC2879499
- OpenAlex
- W2164324917
- Semantic Scholar
- 4cc5c0f4a6be20b153f22c2a1571f2234644503a
- Cited by
- 2,837
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 191 · 2015: 212 · 2014: 241 · 2013: 238 · 2012: 242
- FWCI
- 290.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc95183-23-0-0, n01hc95180-24-0-1, n01hc95184-24-0-1, n01hc95181-23-0-1, n01hc95182-23-0-1, n01hc95178-28-0-1, n01hc95179-25-0-0)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01- HC-95181, R01HL073030, N01 HC095184, N01-HC- 95180, N01-HC-95178, N01 HC095182, N01 HC095181, Y01 HC001010, R01HL055638, N01-HC-095183, N01 HC095178, N01-HC-95184, N01HC95179, IAAY1-HC-1010, IAA #Y1-HC-9035, N01 HC095180, Y01 HC009035, N01‐HC‐95183, N01-HC-95182, N01 HC095179)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024156)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, fenofibrate, simvastatin, cardiovascular risk reduction, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Hypolipidemic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Fenofibrate, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Proportional Hazards Models, Treatment Failure, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Simvastatin, Stroke, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
