The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brain Swelling and Death in Children with Cerebral Malaria
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Case fatality rates among African children with cerebral malaria remain in the range of 15 to 25%. The key pathogenetic processes and causes of death are unknown, but a combination of clinical observations and pathological findings suggests that increased brain volume leading to raised intracranial pressure may play a role. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) became available in Malawi in 2009, and we used it to investigate the role of brain swelling in the pathogenesis of fatal cerebral malaria in African children. METHODS: We enrolled children who met a stringent definition of cerebral malaria (one that included the presence of retinopathy), characterized them in detail clinically, and obtained MRI scans on admission and daily thereafter while coma persisted. RESULTS: Of 348 children admitted with cerebral malaria (as defined by the World Health Organization), 168 met the inclusion criteria, underwent all investigations, and were included in the analysis. A total of 25 children (15%) died, 21 of whom (84%) had evidence of severe brain swelling on MRI at admission. In contrast, evidence of severe brain swelling was seen on MRI in 39 of 143 survivors (27%). Serial MRI scans showed evidence of decreasing brain volume in the survivors who had had brain swelling initially. CONCLUSIONS: Increased brain volume was seen in children who died from cerebral malaria but was uncommon in those who did not die from the disease, a finding that suggests that raised intracranial pressure may contribute to a fatal outcome. The natural history indicates that increased intracranial pressure is transient in survivors. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and Wellcome Trust U.K.).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similar to LCMV meningitis, death from cerebral malaria results from the accumulation of water in the cranium and brainstem herniation (156, 157).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [156]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Manual for the identification of medical bacteria.
Cowan, S. T., & Steel, K. (1965) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 4,823
Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria
Cowan, S. T., Feltham, R. K. A., Steel, K., & Barrow, G. I. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527104 · Cited by 3,244
World Health Organization (2000) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90300-6 · Cited by 1,110
Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial.
(2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67176-0 · Cited by 1,050
Dondorp, A. M., Fanello, C. A., Hendriksen, I. C. E., Gomes, E., Seni, A., Chhaganlal, K. D., Bojang, K., Olaosebikan, R., Anunobi, N., Maitland, K., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61924-1 · Cited by 1,015
Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster.
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 920
MacPherson, G. G., Warrell, M. J., White, N. J., Looareesuwan, S., & Warrell, D. A. (1985) · PubMed Central · Cited by 825
Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts
Taylor, T. E., Fu, W. J., Carr, R., Whitten, R. O., Mueller, J. G., Fosiko, N. G., Lewallen, S., Liomba, N. G., & Molyneux, M. E. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm986 · Cited by 710
Self-citationThe Neuropathology of Fatal Cerebral Malaria in Malawian Children
Dorovini‐Zis, K., Schmidt, K. L., Huynh, H., Fu, W., Whitten, R. O., Milner, D. A., Kamiza, S., Molyneux, M. E., & Taylor, T. E. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.016 · Cited by 304
Self-citationThe Relationship between Age and the Manifestations of and Mortality Associated with Severe Malaria
Dondorp, A. M., Lee, S. J., Faiz, M. A., Mishra, S. K., Price, R. N., Tjitra, E., Than, M., Htut, Y., Mohanty, S., Yunus, E. B., et al. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/589287 · Cited by 293
Evidence of blood–brain barrier dysfunction in human cerebral malaria
Brown, Hien, Day, Mai, Chuong, Chau, Loc, Phu, Bethell, Farrar, J., et al. (1999) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2990.1999.00188.x · Cited by 263
Hirsch, L. J., Brenner, R. P., Drislane, F. W., So, E. L., Kaplan, P. W., Jordan, K. G., Herman, S. T., LaRoche, S. M., Young, G. B., Bleck, T. P., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/01.wnp.0000158701.89576.4c · Cited by 234
Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria
Newton, C. R. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91638-b · Cited by 214
Moxon, C. A., Wassmer, S. C., Milner, D. A., Chisala, N. V., Taylor, T. E., Seydel, K. B., Molyneux, M. E., Faragher, B. E., Esmon, C. T., Downey, C., et al. (2013) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2013-03-490219 · Cited by 214
Self-citationContinuous EEG in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest
Crepeau, A. Z., Rabinstein, A. A., Fugate, J. E., Mandrekar, J. N., Wijdicks, E. F. M., White, R. D., & Britton, J. W. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31827f089d · Cited by 191
Intracranial hypertension in Africans with cerebral malaria
Newton, C. R. J. C., Crawley, J., Sowumni, A., Waruiru, C., Mwangi, I., English, M., Murphy, S. A., Winstanley, P., Marsh, K., & Kirkham, F. J. (1997) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.76.3.219 · Cited by 189
Perfusion Abnormalities in Children with Cerebral Malaria and Malarial Retinopathy
Beare, N. A. V., Harding, S. P., Taylor, T. E., Lewallen, S., & Molyneux, M. E. (2008) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/595735 · Cited by 169
Self-citationSequestration and Microvascular Congestion Are Associated With Coma in Human Cerebral Malaria
Ponsford, M., Medana, I. M., Prapansilp, P., Hien, T. T., Lee, S. J., Dondorp, A. M., Esiri, M. M., Day, N. P. J., White, N. J., & Turner, G. D. H. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir812 · Cited by 164
Turner, G. D. H., Ly, V. C., Nguyễn, T. H. N., Tran, T. H., Nguyen, H. P., Bethell, D., Wyllie, S. A., Louwrier, K., Fox, S. B., Gatter, K. C., et al. (1998) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 158
Cerebral hyperemia, stroke, and transfusion in sickle cell disease
Prohovnik, I., Pavlakis, S. G., Piomelli, S., Bello, J., Mohr, J. P., Hilal, S., & De Vivo, D. C. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.3.344 · Cited by 153
Brain swelling and ischaemia in Kenyans with cerebral malaria.
Newton, C. R. J. C., Peshu, N. M., Kendall, B. E., Kirkham, F. J., Sowunmi, A., Waruiru, C., Mwangi, I., Murphy, S. A., & Marsh, K. (1994) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.70.4.281 · Cited by 150
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID LACTATE IN CEREBRAL MALARIA
White, N. J., Looareesuwan, S., Phillips, R. E., Warrell, D. A., Chanthavanich, P., & Pongpaew, P. (1985) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91445-x · Cited by 142
The systemic pathology of cerebral malaria in African children
Milner, D. A., Whitten, R. O., Kamiza, S., Carr, R., Liomba, G. N., Dzamalala, C. P., Seydel, K. B., Molyneux, M. E., & Taylor, T. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00104 · Cited by 142
Self-citationPotchen, M. J., Kampondeni, S. D., Seydel, K. B., Birbeck, G. L., Hammond, C. A., Bradley, W. G., DeMarco, J. K., Glover, S. J., Ugorji, J. O., Latourette, M. T., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a3035 · Cited by 137
Self-citationRedefining Cerebral Malaria By Including Malaria Retinopathy
Beare, N. A. V., Lewallen, S., Taylor, T. E., & Molyneux, M. E. (2011) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.11.3 · Cited by 123
Self-citationActivation of the coagulation cascade in severe falciparum malaria through the intrinsic pathway
Clemens, R. L., Pramoolsinsap, C., Lorenz, R. L., Pukrittayakamee, S., Bock, H. L., & White, N. J. (1994) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04877.x · Cited by 106
Venous territories of the brain.
Méder, J.-F., Jacques Chiras, C., Roland, J., Guinet, P., Bracard, S., & Bargy, F. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 93
Frequency and Topographic Distribution of Brain Lesions in Pediatric Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Tekşam, M., Moharir, M. D., deVeber, G., & Shroff, M. M. (2008) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1246 · Cited by 86
Using malarial retinopathy to improve the classification of children with cerebral malaria
Lewallen, S., Bronzan, R. N., Beare, N. A. V., Harding, S. P., Molyneux, M. E., & Taylor, T. E. (2008) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.06.014 · Cited by 86
Self-citationHemmer, C. J., Kern, P., Holst, F. G. E., Radtke, K.-P., Egbring, R., Bierhaus, A., Nawroth, P. P., & Dietrich, M. (1991) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90071-5 · Cited by 78
Contrasting pediatric and adult cerebral malaria
Hawkes, M., Elphinstone, R. E., Conroy, A. L., & Kain, K. C. (2013) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.25949 · Cited by 74
Taylor, T. E. (2009) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.10.049 · Cited by 73
Self-citationEEG Patterns in Hypoxic Encephalopathies (Post–Cardiac Arrest Syndrome)
Bauer, G. J., Trinka, E., & Kaplan, P. W. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0b013e3182a73e47 · Cited by 58
Elhassan, I. M., Hviid, L., Satti, G. M. H., Åkerström, B., Jakobsen, P., Jensen, J. B., & Theander, T. G. (1994) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.372 · Cited by 50
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., Bagnato, S., Boccagni, C., & Galardi, G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025967 · Cited by 43
Inherited thrombotic disorders: An update
Florell, S. R., & Rodgers, G. M. (1997) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199701)54:1 · Cited by 41
NeuroInterp: A method for facilitating neuroimaging research on cerebral malaria
Potchen, M. J., Kampondeni, S., Ibrahim, K., Bonner, J., Seydel, K. B., Taylor, T. E., & Birbeck, G. L. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829e6ed5 · Cited by 34
Self-citationEnwere, G. (2005) · Tropical medicine & international health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01505.x · Cited by 31
Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging: clinical applications in neuroradiology.
Romano, A., Bozzao, A., Bonamini, M., Fasoli, F., Ferrante, M., Floris, R., Colonnese, C., & Fantozzi, L. M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 26
Nitric Oxide in Cerebral Malaria
Clark, I. A., Cowden, W. B., & Rockett, K. A. (1995) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/171.4.1068 · Cited by 14
Forensic Neuropathology and Neurology
Oehmichen, M., Auer, R. N., & König, H. G. (2005) · Cited by 10
Clark, I. A., Rockett, R. A., & Cowden, W. B. (1993) · QJM · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068796 · Cited by 9
Fibrinopeptide-A and fibrinogen interactions in acute,Plasmodium falciparummalaria
Jimmy, E. O., Saliu, I., & Ademowo, O. G. (2003) · Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology · doi:10.1179/000349803225002426 · Cited by 5
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- MacPherson GG, 1985, Am J Pathol, 119, 385
- Turner GD, 1998, Am J Pathol, 152, 1477
- Clark IA, 1993, Q J Med, 86, 217
- Romano A, 2003, Radiol Med, 106, 521
- Meder JF, 1994, J Neuroradiol, 21, 118
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Phillips, M. A., Burrows, J. N., Manyando, C., van Huijsduijnen, R. H., Voorhis, W. C. V., & Wells, T. N. C. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.50 · Cited by 648
Antimalarial drug resistance: linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic
Blasco, B., Leroy, D., & Fidock, D. A. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4381 · Cited by 585
Ashley, E. A., Pyae Phyo, A., & Woodrow, C. J. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30324-6 · Cited by 553
The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system
Mastorakos, P., & McGavern, D. (2019) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aav0492 · Cited by 333
Malaria PathogenesisPreprint
Milner, D. A. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a025569 · Cited by 350
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Seydel, K. B., Kampondeni, S. D., Valim, C., Potchen, M. J., Milner, D. A., Muwalo, F. W., Birbeck, G. L., Bradley, W. G., Fox, L. L., Glover, S. J., Hammond, C. A., Heyderman, R. S., Chilingulo, C. A., Molyneux, M. E., & Taylor, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Malawi (MW)
- Harvard University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2015-03-19
- Volume
- 372
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1126-1137
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC4450675
- OpenAlex
- W2118846793
- Cited by
- 404
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 42.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Michigan State University
- Wellcome Trust (101113)
- National Institutes of Health
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI034969)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- cerebral malaria, cerebral edema, intracranial pressure, case fatality, pediatric malaria, retinopathy, brain volume, coma, natural history (disease)
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Edema, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Malawi, Male, Organ Size, Papilledema, Malaria, Cerebral
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
