Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 1

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

News media coverage of gun violence: a scoping review

Topaz, Chad M., Jae, Gina, Higdon, Jude·2026·Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1057/s41599-026-06998-3

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 6 references

Research works printed but not linked: 89

  1. Alaimo KI (2022) Finishing the story: narrative ritual in news coverage of the Umpqua Community College shooting. Journalism 23(11):2417–2433 · DOI
  2. Allan S (2006) Online news: journalism and the internet. Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education, Maidenhead
  3. Anisin A (2021) Exogenous events and media reporting of mass shootings. Behav Sci Terror Polit Aggress 13(2):160–173 · doi:10.1080/19434472.2020.1718738
  4. Arksey H, O’Malley L (2005) Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19–32 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Asabor EN, Lett E, Mosely B, Boone CA, Sundaresan S, Wong TA (2023) A mixed-methods assessment of off-duty police shootings in a media-curated database. Health Serv Res 58(S2):207–217 · DOI
  6. Barak-Ventura R, Marín MR, Porfiri M (2022) A spatiotemporal model of firearm ownership in the United States. Patterns 3(8):100546 · DOI
  7. Beard JH, Jacoby SF, James R, Dong B, Seamon MJ, Maher Z (2019) Examining mass shootings from a neighborhood perspective: an analysis of multiple-casualty events and media reporting in Philadelphia, United States. Prev Med 129:105856 · DOI
  8. Beard JH, Midberry J, Afif IN, Dauer E, MacMillan J, Jacoby SF (2023) Like i’m a nobody: firearm-injured peoples’ perspectives on news media reporting about firearm violence. SSM Qual Res Health 3:100212 · DOI
  9. Berryessa CM, Sierra-Arevalo M, Semenza DC (2023) Portrayals of gun violence victimization and public support for firearm policies: An experimental analysis. J Exp Criminol 19(4):1–26 · DOI
  10. Boulahnane S (2019) Homophobia and ‘un-Americanness’ as rising facets of Islamophobia: an analysis of Orlando shooting media transcripts. J Al-Tamaddun 14(2):143–152 · doi:10.22452/jat.vol14no2.11
  11. Bridges T, Tober TL, Brazzell M, Chatterjee M (2022) "Husband, father, coward, killer”: the discursive reproduction of racial inequality in media accounts of mass shooters. Front Psychol 13:966980 · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966980
  12. Carlson J (2016) Moral panic, moral breach: Bernhard Goetz, George Zimmerman, and racialized news reporting in contested cases of self-defense. Soc Probl 63(1):1–20 · DOI
  13. Carlson J, Cobb J (2017) From play to peril: a historical examination of media coverage of accidental shootings involving children. Soc Sci Quart 98(2):397–412 · DOI
  14. Cassidy WP, La France BH, Babin S (2018) Routine adjustments: how journalists framed the Charleston shootings. Int J Commun 12:4668–4688
  15. Chuang A (2012) Representations of foreign versus (Asian) American identity in a mass-shooting case: newspaper coverage of the 2009 Binghamton massacre. Journalism Mass Commun Q 89(2):244–260 · doi:10.1177/1077699012439179
  16. Chuang A, Chin Roemer R (2014) Shifting signifiers of otherness: The 2002 “D.C. Snipers” in the U.S. press. Commun Cult Crit 7(4):541–558 · doi:10.1111/cccr.12066
  17. DeFoster R, Swalve N (2018) Guns, culture or mental health? framing mass shootings as a public health crisis. Health Commun 33(10):1211–1222 · DOI
  18. Dreier SK, Gade EK, Card D, Smith NA (2022) Patterns of bias: How mainstream media operationalize links between mass shootings and terrorism. Polit Commun 39(6):755–778 · DOI
  19. Dukes KN, Gaither SE (2017) Black racial stereotypes and victim blaming: implications for media coverage and criminal proceedings in cases of police violence against racial and ethnic minorities. J Soc Issues 73(4):789–807 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Durosky A, Newman E, Holton AE (2023) Perpetuating perpetrators: news coverage of perpetrators and victims of the Columbine and Parkland shootings. Journalism Stud 24(4):515–531 · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2023.2173952
  21. el Nawawy M, Elmasry MH (2018) Is America “post-racist”’? How AC 360 and the O’Reilly Factor discursively constructed the Charleston church shooting. Journalism Stud 19(7):942–959 · DOI
  22. Emelu MN (2023) The U.S. cable televisions’ framing of mass shooting: a grounded discovery of competing narratives. Front Commun 8:1174946 · DOI
  23. Entman RM (1993) Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. J Commun 43(4):51–58 · DOI · Paper page
  24. First JM, Shin H, Figueroa-Caballero A, Okker-Edging K, Spialek ML, Houston JB (2023) Posttraumatic stress related to Orlando nightclub shooting: LGBTQ identity and media use. J Loss Trauma 28(4):298–314 · DOI
  25. Fox JA, Sanders NE, Fridel EE, Duwe G, Rocque M (2021a) The contagion of mass shootings: the interdependence of large-scale massacres and mass media coverage. Stat Public Pol 8(1):53–66 · doi:10.1080/2330443x.2021.1932645
  26. Fox JA, Gerdes M, Duwe G, Rocque M (2021b) The newsworthiness of mass public shootings: What factors impact the extent of coverage?. Homicide Stud 25(3):239–255 · doi:10.1177/1088767920974412
  27. Gruenewald J, Hipple NK (2021) Attributing responsibility when police officers are killed in the line of duty: an ethnographic content analysis of local print news media frames. In: Sociological Forum, vol 36. (Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, NJ) pp 359–380 · DOI
  28. Gruenewald J, Parkin W, Chermak S (2014) Quantitative studies on media and crime. In G. Bruinsma and D. Weisburd, eds, Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Springer, New York, NY. pp 4228–4235 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_2
  29. Guggenheim L, Jang SM, Bae SY, Neuman WR (2015) The dynamics of issue frame competition in traditional and social media. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci 659(1):207–224 · DOI
  30. Guo L, Mays K, Zhang Y, Wijaya D, Betke M (2021) What makes gun violence a (less) prominent issue? A computational analysis of compelling arguments and selective agenda setting. Mass Commun Soc 24(5):651–675 · DOI
  31. Guo L, Zhang Y, Mays K, Akyürek AF, Wijaya D, Betke M (2023) Agenda setting, cross-cutting effects, and political expression on social media: the gun violence case. Commun Res 51:1033-1057 · DOI
  32. Hagan J, Hirschfield P, Shedd C (2002) First and last words: apprehending the social and legal facts of an urban high school shooting. Sociol Meth Res 31(2):218–254 · doi:10.1177/0049124102031002004
  33. Hammarlund R, Crapanzano K, McGovern J, Le T, Xu S, Reinovsky J (2020) Shooter mental illness status and language use in online articles about mass shootings. Stigma Health 5(2):225 · doi:10.1037/sah0000186
  34. Hawdon J, Agnich LE, Ryan J (2014) Media framing of a tragedy: a content analysis of print media coverage of the Virginia Tech tragedy. Traumatology 20(3):199 · DOI
  35. Hilaire B, Campbell LO, Kelchner VP, Laguardia ED, Howard C (2023) Not another school shooting: Media, race, and gun violence in K-12 schools. Educ Urban Soc 55(7):809–824 · DOI
  36. Hodges A (2015) Ideologies of language and race in U.S. media discourse about the Trayvon Martin shooting. Lang Soc 44(3):401–423 · DOI
  37. Holody KJ, Daniel ES (2017) Attributes and frames of the Aurora shootings: national and local news coverage differences. Journalism Pract 11(1):80–100
  38. Holody KJ, Shaughnessy B (2022) #NEVERAGAIN: framing in community and national news coverage of the Parkland mass shootings. Journalism Pract 16(4):637–659
  39. Holody KJ, Park S-Y, Zhang X (2013) Racialization of the Virginia Tech shootings: a comparison of local and national newspapers. Journalism Stud 14(4):568–583 · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2012.726499
  40. Hume H, Perreault G (2022) Media and mass shootings: field theory in CNN news coverage of the Columbine High School and Parkland High School mass shootings. Electron N 16(3):147–163 · doi:10.1177/19312431221111380
  41. Iyengar S (1991) Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL) · DOI · Paper page
  42. Jashinsky JM, Magnusson B, Hanson C, Barnes M (2017) Media agenda setting regarding gun violence before and after a mass shooting. Front Pub Health 4:291
  43. Jetter M, Walker JK (2022) News coverage and mass shootings in the U.S. Eur Econ Rev 148:104221 · DOI
  44. Jose R, Holman EA, Silver RC (2021) How Americans feel about guns after mass shootings: the case of the 2016 Orlando nightclub massacre. Psychol Violence 11(4):354 · doi:10.1037/vio0000346
  45. Kaufman EJ, Passman JE, Jacoby SF, Holena DN, Seamon MJ, MacMillan J (2020) Making the news: victim characteristics associated with media reporting on firearm injury. Prev Med 141:106275 · DOI
  46. Koo GH (2023) Are you frightened? children’s cognitive and affective reactions to news coverage of school shootings. Mass Comm Soc 26(1):1–22 · DOI
  47. Lankford A, Madfis E (2018) Media coverage of mass killers: content, consequences, and solutions. Am Behav Sci 62(2):151–162 · DOI
  48. Lawrence RG, Birkland TA (2004) Guns, Hollywood, and school safety: defining the school-shooting problem across public arenas. Soc Sci Q 85(5):1193–1207 · DOI
  49. Leavy P, Maloney KP (2009) American reporting of school violence and ‘people like us’: a comparison of newspaper coverage of the Columbine and Red Lake school shootings. Crit Sociol 35(2):273–292 · doi:10.1177/0896920508099195
  50. Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK (2010) Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 5(1):69 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Lin P-I, Fei L, Barzman D, Hossain M (2018) What have we learned from the time trend of mass shootings in the U.S.?. PLOS One 13(10):e0204722 · DOI
  52. Liu G, Wiebe DJ (2019) A time-series analysis of firearm purchasing after mass shooting events in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2(4):e191736–e191736 · DOI
  53. Luca M, Malhotra D, Poliquin C (2020) The impact of mass shootings on gun policy. J Public Econ 181:104083 · DOI
  54. Mack AN, McCann BJ (2017) strictly an act of street violence: intimate publicity and affective divestment in the New Orleans Mother’s Day shooting. Commun Crit/Cult Stud 14(4):334–350
  55. Maguire B, Weatherby GA, Mathers RA (2002) Network news coverage of school shootings. Soc Sci J 39(3):465–470 · DOI
  56. Marshall IJ, Wallace BC (2019) Toward systematic review automation: a practical guide to using machine learning tools in research synthesis. Syst Rev 8(1):163 · DOI · Paper page
  57. McCombs M (2005) A look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future. Journalism Stud 6(4):543–557 · DOI · Paper page
  58. McGinty EE, Webster DW, Barry CL (2013) Effects of news media messages about mass shootings on attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for gun control policies. Am J Psychiatry 170(5):494–501 · DOI · Paper page
  59. McGinty EE, Webster DW, Jarlenski M, Barry CL (2014) News media framing of serious mental illness and gun violence in the United States, 1997-2012. Am J Public Health 104(3):406–413 · DOI · Paper page
  60. McKeever BW, Choi M, Walker D, McKeever R (2022) Gun violence as a public health issue: media advocacy, framing and implications for communication. Newsp Res J 43(2):138–154 · DOI
  61. McWhorter C (2022) VB strong: how local news stations created a platform for a community to mourn victims of a mass shooting. Atl J Comm 30(3):263–277 · DOI
  62. Morin A (2016) Framing terror: The strategies newspapers use to frame an act as terror or crime. Journalism Mass Commun Q 93(4):986–1005 · doi:10.1177/1077699016660720
  63. Mosqueda CM, Heath MA, Cutrer-Párraga EA, Ridge RD, Jackson AP, Miller E (2023) Analysis of 48 hours of television news coverage following the Columbine high school shooting. Sch Psychol Rev 52(1):57–71 · DOI
  64. Mourão RR, Brown DK, Sylvie G (2021) Framing Ferguson: The interplay of advocacy and journalistic frames in local and national newspaper coverage of Michael Brown. Journalism 22(2):320–340 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Muschert GW (2007) The columbine victims and the myth of the juvenile superpredator. Youth Violence Juv Justice 5(4):351–366 · DOI
  66. Muschert GW (2009) Frame-changing in the media coverage of a school shooting: the rise of Columbine as a national concern. Soc Sci J 46(1):164–170 · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2008.12.014
  67. Muschert GW, Carr D (2006) Media salience and frame changing across events: coverage of nine school shootings, 1997-2001. Journalism Mass Comm Quart 83(4):747–766 · DOI
  68. O’Toole MJ, Fondacaro MR (2017) When school-shooting media fuels a retributive public: an examination of psychological mediators. Youth Violence Juv Justice 15(2):154–171 · DOI
  69. Park S-Y, Holody KJ, Zhang X (2012) Race in media coverage of school shootings: a parallel application of framing theory and attribute agenda setting. Journalism Mass Commun Q 89(3):475–494 · DOI
  70. Pavlik JV (2001) Journalism and new media. Columbia University Press, New York · DOI · Paper page
  71. Pelled A, Lukito J, Foley J, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Pevehouse JC (2021) Death across the news spectrum: a time series analysis of partisan coverage following mass shootings in the United States between 2012 and 2014. Int J Commun 15:20
  72. Porfiri M, Sattanapalle RR, Nakayama S, Macinko J, Sipahi R (2019) Media coverage and firearm acquisition in the aftermath of a mass shooting. Nat Hum Behav 3(9):913–921 · DOI
  73. Reardon C, Paik S, Gao G, Parekh M, Zhao Y, Guo L et al. (2022) BU-NEmo: an affective dataset of gun violence news. In: Proc. 13th Language resources and evaluation conference, pp 2507–2516
  74. Rohlinger DA, Allen W, DeLucchi C (2022) Framing dynamics and claimsmaking after the Parkland shooting. Inf Commun Soc 25(5):690–706 · DOI
  75. Schildkraut J (2019) Media and mass shootings: field advances, challenges, and directions for future research. Sociol Compass 13(7):e12774
  76. Schildkraut J, Muschert GW (2014) Media salience and the framing of mass murder in schools: a comparison of the Columbine and Sandy Hook massacres. Homicide Stud 18(1):23–43 · DOI
  77. Schildkraut J, Elsass HJ, Meredith K (2018) Mass shootings and the media: Why all events are not created equal. J Crime Justice 41(3):223–243 · DOI
  78. Schildkraut J, Gruenewald J, Gilliam M, Novak M (2021) Framing mass shootings as a social problem: a comparison of ideologically and non-ideologically motivated attacks. Aggress Violent Behav 60:101533 · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101533
  79. Sharkey PT, Tirado-Strayer N, Papachristos AV, Raver CC (2012) The effect of local violence on children’s attention and impulse control. Am J Public Health 102(12):2287–2293 · DOI · Paper page
  80. Silva JR, Capellan JA (2019) The media’s coverage of mass public shootings in America: fifty years of newsworthiness. Int J Compar Appl Crim Justice 43(1):77–97
  81. Silva JR, Greene-Colozzi EA (2019) Fame-seeking mass shooters in America: severity, characteristics, and media coverage. Aggress Violent Behav 48:24–35 · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.005
  82. Stone R, Socia KM (2019) Boy with toy or Black male with gun: an analysis of online news articles covering the shooting of Tamir Rice. Race Justice 9(3):330–358 · DOI
  83. Tamborini R, Hahn L, Aley M, Prabhu S, Baldwin J, Sethi N (2020) The impact of terrorist attack news on moral intuitions. Comm Stud 71(4):511–527 · DOI
  84. Topaz CM (2023a) News media coverage of gun violence: a systematic review. Open Science Framework · DOI
  85. Topaz CM (2023b) Open Science Framework preregistration for HAVI review of media coverage of gun violence. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9D4YA · doi:10.17605/osf.io/9d4ya
  86. Valcore JL, Buckler K (2020) An act of terror and an act of hate: National elite and populace newspaper framing of Pulse nightclub shooting. Crim Justice Stud 33(3):276–296 · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2020.1786283
  87. Vella MA, Warshauer A, Tortorello G, Fernandez-Moure J, Giacolone J, Chen B (2020) Long-term functional, psychological, emotional, and social outcomes in survivors of firearm injuries. JAMA Surg 155(1):51–59 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Zdjelar V, Davies G (2021) Let’s not put a label on it: right-wing terrorism in the news. Crit Stud Terror 14(3):291–311 · DOI
  89. Zhang Y, Shah D, Pevehouse J, Valenzuela S (2023) Reactive and asymmetric communication flows: social media discourse and partisan news framing in the wake of mass shootings. Int J Press Polit 28(4):837–861 · DOI

Metadata

Authors
Topaz, C. M., Jae, G., & Higdon, J.
Venue
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
Published
2026-03-18
Volume
13
Issue
1
ISSN
2662-9992
Cited by
1
References
6
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Health Alliance for Violence Intervention

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: News media coverage of gun violence: a scoping review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1057/s41599-026-06998-3
The paper
Topaz, C. M., Jae, G., & Higdon, J. (2026). News media coverage of gun violence: a scoping review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-06998-3

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.