The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The credibility and efficiency of the scientific ecosystem is undermined if the research community does not have access to the data that underlie scientific claims.
“The credibility and efficiency of the scientific ecosystem is undermined if the research community does not have access to the data that underlie scientific claims [48,49].”
From Data availability, reusability, and analytic reproducibility: evaluating the impact of a mandatory open data policy at the journal <i>Cognition</i> (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hardwicke, T. E., Mathur, M. B., MacDonald, K., Nilsonne, G., Banks, G. C., Kidwell, M. C., Hofelich Mohr, A., Clayton, E., Yoon, E. J., Henry Tessler, M., et al. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.180448 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The career effects of scandal: Evidence from scientific retractions
Azoulay, P., Bonatti, A., & Krieger, J. L. (2017) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.07.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Misinformation reloaded? Fears about the impact of generative AI on misinformation are overblown
Simon, F. M., Altay, S., & Mercier, H. (2023) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-127 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
<scp>ChatGPT</scp> in Education: An Effect in Search of a Cause
Weidlich, J., Gašević, D., Drachsler, H., & Kirschner, P. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70105 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Thirty years of climate change research: A fine-grained analysis of geographical specialization
Debernardi, C., Seeber, M., & Cattaneo, M. (2024) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103663 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Theoretical Analysis of the Cycle of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review
McCloud, B., & Abdullah, A. (2025) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241301781 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
GhostCite: A Large-Scale Analysis of Citation Validity in the Age of Large Language Models
Xu, Z., Qiu, Y., Sun, L., Miao, F., Wu, F., Li, X., Wang, X., Lu, H., Zhang, Z., Hu, Y., et al. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Merton, R. K., & Shapere, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Physics Today
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 1974-08-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 52-53
- ISSN
- 0031-9228 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-0699
- OpenAlex
- W2507528089
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physics Today (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Research, Science, and Academia
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Contemporary Sociological Theory and Practice
- Keywords
- sociology of science, scientific communities, scientific knowledge production, scientific careers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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