The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Active materials by four-dimension printing
Abstract
We advance a paradigm of printed active composite materials realized by directly printing glassy shape memory polymer fibers in an elastomeric matrix. We imbue the active composites with intelligence via a programmed lamina and laminate architecture and a subsequent thermomechanical training process. The initial configuration is created by three-dimension (3D) printing, and then the programmed action of the shape memory fibers creates time dependence of the configuration—the four-dimension (4D) aspect. We design and print laminates in thin plate form that can be thermomechanically programmed to assume complex three-dimensional configurations including bent, coiled, and twisted strips, folded shapes, and complex contoured shapes with nonuniform, spatially varying curvature. The original flat plate shape can be recovered by heating the material again. We also show how the printed active composites can be directly integrated with other printed functionalities to create devices; here we demonstrate this by creating a structure that can assemble itself.
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“Accordingly, Ge et al. [205] first realized composites featuring the SME by using a multi-material Polyjet 3D printer (Stratasys, Connex Object).”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [205]
Citations
Cites
Thermomechanics of shape memory polymers: Uniaxial experiments and constitutive modeling
Liu, Y., Gall, K., Dunn, M. L., Greenberg, A. R., & Diani, J. (2005) · International Journal of Plasticity · doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2005.03.004 · Cited by 835
Self-citationNguyen, T. D., JERRYQI, H., CASTRO, F., & Long, K. (2008) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2008.04.007 · Cited by 456
Finite deformation thermo-mechanical behavior of thermally induced shape memory polymers
Qi, H. J., Nguyen, T. D., Castro, F., Yakacki, C. M., & Shandas, R. (2007) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2007.12.002 · Cited by 432
Self-citationSrivastava, V., Chester, S. A., Ames, N. M., & Anand, L. (2010) · International Journal of Plasticity · doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.01.004 · Cited by 270
Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Composites
Boyd, J. G., & Lagoudas, D. C. (1994) · Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures · doi:10.1177/1045389x9400500306 · Cited by 255
Westbrook, K. K., Kao, P., Castro, F., Ding, Y., & Qi, H. J. (2011) · Mechanics of Materials · doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2011.09.004 · Cited by 232
Self-citationMechanisms of multi-shape memory effects and associated energy release in shape memory polymers
Yu, K., Xie, T., Leng, J., Ding, Y., & Qi, H. J. (2012) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c2sm25292a · Cited by 210
Self-citationRupp, C. J., Evgrafov, A., Maute, K. K., et al. (2009) · Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures · doi:10.1177/1045389x09341200 · Cited by 199
Self-citationVariable property rapid prototyping
Oxman, N. (2011) · Virtual and Physical Prototyping · doi:10.1080/17452759.2011.558588 · Cited by 183
Preparation and Characterization of Shape Memory Elastomeric Composites
Luo, X., & Mather, P. T. (2009) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma9015888 · Cited by 158
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- L. J. Stiltner, A. M. Elliott, and C. B. Williams, in Solid Freeform Fabrication Symp. Proc., 2011, Vol. 22, p. 583.
- Dunn M. L., 2002, J. Membr. Sci., 11, 372
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing
Ligon, S. C., Liska, R., Stampfl, J., Gurr, M., & Mülhaupt, R. (2017) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 · Cited by 3,942
3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective
Wang, X., Jiang, M., Zhou, Z., Gou, J., & Hui, D. (2016) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034 · Cited by 3,474
Sydney Gladman, A., Matsumoto, E. A., Nuzzo, R. G., Mahadevan, L., & Lewis, J. A. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4544 · Cited by 3,027
Printing soft matter in three dimensions
Truby, R. L., & Lewis, J. A. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21003 · Cited by 1,635
Zhao, Q., Qi, H. J., & Xie, T. (2015) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.001 · Cited by 1,409
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ge, Q., Qi, H. J., & Dunn, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 2013-09-23
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 131901
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2025056376
- Cited by
- 785
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 39.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
- Keywords
- 4D printing, shape memory polymers, thermomechanical actuation, self-assembly, smart materials, 3D printing
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