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Proton exchange for high-index waveguides in LiNbO3
Abstract
We describe the fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides formed in LiNbO3 by proton exchange in benzoic acid melts at 200–250 °C. Proton exchange, in LiNbO3 the replacement of lithium ions with protons, takes place when the substrate is immersed in the molten acid. We observe a surface increase in the refractive index of 0.12, for the extraordinary polarization only, with a step function index profile. This is the highest index increase obtainable to date for LiNbO3. Measured diffusion rates for x-cut crystals are 1.37 μm2/h at T = 249 °C and 0.37 μm2/h at T = 217 °C, so that very deep guides can be formed in short times. Diffusion is somewhat slower in the z direction. The process as described is not useful for y-cut crystals, since it damgaes this surface. Losses, measured on x-cut samples, were <0.5 dB/cm. All measurements were made at 0.633 μm.
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Cited by
A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems
Wooten, E. L., Kissa, K. M., Yi-Yan, A., Murphy, E. J., Lafaw, D. A., Hallemeier, P. F., Maack, D., Attanasio, D. V., Fritz, D. J., McBrien, G. J., et al. (2000) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/2944.826874 · Cited by 1,330
Lithium niobate photonics: Unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum
Boes, A., Chang, L., Langrock, C., Yu, M., Zhang, M., Lin, Q., Lončar, M., Fejer, M., Bowers, J., & Mitchell, A. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj4396 · Cited by 666
Integrated lithium niobate photonics
Qi, Y., & Li, Y. (2020) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0013 · Cited by 422
Optical waveguides in lithium niobate: Recent developments and applications
Bazzan, M., & Sada, C. (2015) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/1.4931601 · Cited by 290
Compact Lithium Niobate Electrooptic Modulators
Rao, A., & Fathpour, S. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2017.2779869 · Cited by 145
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackel, J. L., Rice, C. E., & Veselka, J. J.
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 1982-10-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 607-608
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2090973546
- Cited by
- 693
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 10.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Jackel, J. L., Rice, C. E., & Veselka, J. J. (1982). Proton exchange for high-index waveguides in LiNbO3. Applied Physics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.93615
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