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Cited by 123Transportation Planning and OptimizationUrban Transport and AccessibilityRailways and European Transport Policy

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Reducing the Need to Travel

Banister, D·1997·Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design
DOI 10.1068/b240437
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Abstract

Most people value and enjoy the benefits that the use of their own car brings to their quality of life. These benefits are reflected in the increases in travel, the use of more resources, and the production of more pollution. However, this situation is not sustainable. In this paper the author argues the case for planning playing an instrumental role in achieving sustainability objectives in transport. It reviews the contributions that economics (pricing) and technological measures might have. The conclusion reached is that the scale of price increases required to achieve a reduction in car use will not be politically acceptable. Similarly, technological improvements may only give us a breathing space before more positive action is necessary. Even if the environmental problems created by the car are solved, there will always be the underlying problem of congestion. The only alternative is to travel shorter distances, to develop the potential for linking activities, and to use the car less—this is where planning has a key role. Three main actions are proposed to avoid the need to travel. The first is the implementation of a set of development principles through examining the role that density and settlement size might have on urban sustainability. This issue is particularly important given the current debate at all levels in the United Kingdom over housing allocations and the possibility of a new generation of new settlements. The second action explores the concept of the social audit and the social costs associated with the closure of existing facilities and the opening of new facilities, many of which are inaccessible to those without a car. There have been savings to the provider of the facility through economies of scale, but additional costs have been transferred to the users of these facilities. The social audit would examine all the costs and benefits of these decisions, with a view to subsidy to prevent closure and a tax on greenfield developments to help pay for the redevelopment of brownfield sites within urban areas. The third action is to create quality neighbourhoods in cities to maintain and promote communities with high environmental quality and no congestion. It is only through maintaining and improving environmental quality that urban sustainability can be enhanced, as these locations must form the focus for development. They allow for the provision of clean public transport, they would promote walk and cycling, and they would reduce levels of car dependence.

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Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. Acutt M Z, Dodgson J S, 1995, “The impact of economic policy instruments on greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector”, in World Transport Research—Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Transport Research Eds Hensher D A, King J; copy available from J Dodgson at NERA, 15 Stratford Way, London W1N 9AF
  2. Acutt M Z, Dodgson J S, 1996, “Transport and global warming: Modelling the implications of alternative policies”, paper presented to ESRC Transport and the Environment Final Conference, London, March; copy available from J Dodgson at NERA, 15 Stratford Way, London W1N 9AF
  3. 10.1080/01441649608716931 · DOI
  4. Banister D, Berechman J, 1993, “Transport policies and challenges in a unified Europe: Introduction”, in Transport in a Unified Europe: Policies and Challenges Eds Banister D, Berechman J, (Elsevier, Amsterdam) pp 1–25
  5. 10.1068/b240125 · DOI
  6. 10.1007/BF01099474 · DOI
  7. 10.2307/622726 · DOI
  8. Breheny M, Gent T, Lock D, 1993 Alternative Development Patterns: New Settlements Department of the Environment (HMSO, London)
  9. DoE, 1994 PPG13. Transport Department of the Environment (HMSO, London)
  10. DoE, 1995a PPG13. A Guide to Better Practice: Reducing the Need to Travel Through Land Use and Transport Planning Department of the Environment (HMSO, London)
  11. DoE, 1995b Our Future Homes: Opportunity, Choice, Responsibility Cm 2901, Department of the Environment (HMSO, London)
  12. DoE, 1995c Projections of Households in England to 2016 Department of the Environment (HMSO, London)
  13. DoT, 1989 National Road Traffic Forecasts (Great Britain) 1989 Department of Transport (HMSO, London)
  14. DoT, 1994 Transport Statistics Great Britain 1994 Department of Transport (HMSO, London)
  15. DoT, 1995 National Travel Survey 1992/94 Department of Transport (HMSO, London)
  16. Fowkes A S, May A D, Nash C A, Siu Y L, Rees P H, 1996, “Forecasting road traffic growth: Demographic change and alternative policy scenarios”, paper presented at the ESRC Transport and Environment Conference, Regent's Park, London, March; copy available from A Fowkes, Institute for Transport Studies, Leeds University, Leeds
  17. Grant W, 1995 Autos, Smog and Pollution Control (Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Hants) · DOI
  18. Llewelyn Davies and the Bartlett School of Planning, 1996, “Density measures”, report to the Department of the Environment, November; copy available from DoE, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 3EB
  19. Nash C A, Siu Y L, Fowkes A S, May A D, 1995, “Alternatives strategies to reduce road transport growth”, in World Transport Research—Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Transport Research Eds Hensher D A, King J; copy available from C Nash, Institute for Transport Studies, Leeds University, Leeds
  20. Newman P, Kenworthy J, 1989a Cities and Automobile Dependence: An International Sourcebook (Gower, Aldershot, Hants)
  21. 10.1080/01944368908975398 · DOI
  22. Office of Science and Technology, 1995 Technology Foresight Panel Report on Transport (HMSO, London)
  23. Owens S, 1995, “I wouldn't start from here—land use, transport and sustainability”, Linacre Lecture Series on Transport and the Environment, Oxford, February; copy available from the author, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
  24. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 1994 18th Report Transport and the Environment Chairman Sir J Houghton, Cm 2674 (HMSO, London)
  25. SACTRA, 1994 Trunk Roads and the Generation of Traffic Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Appraisal, Chairman D Wood (HMSO, London)
  26. Stead D, 1996, “Density, settlement size and travel patterns”, unpublished research note on the National Travel Surveys 1985/86, 1989/91, and 1992/94, Bartlett School of Planning, University College London
  27. Sutcliffe A, 1996, “Travel for food shopping”, unpublished MPhil thesis in Town Planning, The Bartlett School of Planning, University College, London The Economist 1994, “Pollution and cars”, 17 September, page 28

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Metadata

Authors
Banister, D.
Affiliations
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Banister, D
ORCID
Banister, D
Venue
Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
1997-06
Volume
24
Issue
3
Pages
437-449
ISSN
  • 0265-8135 (ISSN-L)
  • 1472-3417
DOI
10.1068/b240437
OpenAlex
W2079888252
Cited by
123
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
FWCI
18.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Environment and Planning B Planning and Design (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Railways and European Transport Policy
Keywords
car use reduction, urban sustainability, transportation planning, congestion, car dependence, travel demand management, urban density, settlement size, housing allocation, new settlements, brownfield redevelopment, social audit, neighborhood quality, walkability, cycling, public transport, sustainable transport

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