A sex difference in facial contrast and its exaggeration by cosmetics
Abstract
This study demonstrates the existence of a sex difference in facial contrast. By measuring carefully controlled photographic images, female faces were shown to have greater luminance contrast between the eyes, lips, and the surrounding skin than did male faces. This sex difference in facial contrast was found to influence the perception of facial gender. An androgynous face can be made to appear female by increasing the facial contrast, or to appear male by decreasing the facial contrast. Application of cosmetics was found to consistently increase facial contrast. Female faces wearing cosmetics had greater facial contrast than the same faces not wearing cosmetics. Female facial beauty is known to be closely linked to sex differences, with femininity considered attractive. These results suggest that cosmetics may function in part by exaggerating a sexually dimorphic attribute-facial contrast-to make the face appear more feminine and hence attractive.
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The use of cosmetics has been shown to increase perceptions of attractiveness.
“Cosmetics are a popular tool to alter appearance and their use has been shown to increase perceptions of attractiveness [29–36].”
From What is beautiful is still good: the attractiveness halo effect in the era of beauty filters (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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References 36 · Cited by 206
- Authors
- Russell, R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Russell, Richard
- ORCID
- Russell, Richard
- Venue
- Perception
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-01-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1211-1219
- ISSN
- 0301-0066 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4233
- OpenAlex
- W1975078603
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perception (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College (Gettysburg College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- sex differences, cosmetics, androgyny, facial attractiveness, femininity, sexual dimorphism, face perception
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beauty, Cosmetics, Face, Female, Humans, Lighting, Male, Sex Characteristics, Contrast Sensitivity, Young Adult
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