CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 498Malaria Research and ControlClimate Change and Health ImpactsMosquito-borne diseases and control

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands

Open access
Zhou, Guofa, Minakawa, Noboru, Githeko, Andrew K., Yan, Guiyun·2004·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0308714100PMC PMC356958
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The causes of the recent reemergence of Plasmodium falciparum epidemic malaria in the East African highlands are controversial. Regional climate changes have been invoked as a major factor; however, assessing the impact of climate in malaria resurgence is difficult due to high spatial and temporal climate variability and the lack of long-term data series on malaria cases from different sites. Climate variability, defined as short-term fluctuations around the mean climate state, may be epidemiologically more relevant than mean temperature change, but its effects on malaria epidemics have not been rigorously examined. Here we used nonlinear mixed-regression model to investigate the association between autoregression (number of malaria outpatients during the previous time period), seasonality and climate variability, and the number of monthly malaria outpatients of the past 10–20 years in seven highland sites in East Africa. The model explained 65–81% of the variance in the number of monthly malaria outpatients. Nonlinear and synergistic effects of temperature and rainfall on the number of malaria outpatients were found in all seven sites. The net variance in the number of monthly malaria outpatients caused by autoregression and seasonality varied among sites and ranged from 18 to 63% (mean = 38.6%), whereas 12–63% (mean = 36.1%) of variance is attributed to climate variability. Our results suggest that there was a high spatial variation in the sensitivity of malaria outpatient number to climate fluctuations in the highlands, and that climate variability played an important role in initiating malaria epidemics in the East African highlands.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0308714100

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 50 references

1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Garnham, P. C. C. (1945) Br. Med. J. 11, 45–47.
  2. Roberts, J. M. D. (1964) J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 161–168.
  3. Roberts, J. M. D. (1964) J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 191–199.
  4. Roberts, J. M. D. (1964) J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 230–237.
  5. Lepers, J. P., Deloron, P., Fontenille, D. & Coulanges, P. (1988) Lancet 1, 586–587.
  6. Khaemba, B. M., Mutani, A. & Bett, M. K. (1994) E. Afr. Med. J. 71, 159–164.
  7. Lindsay, S. W. & Martens, W. J. M. (1998) Bull. WHO 76, 33–45.9615495
  8. Mouchet, J., Manguin, S., Sircoulon, K., Laventure, S., Faye, O., Onapa, A. W., Carnevale, P., Julvez, J. & Fontenille, D. (1998) J. Am. Mosquito Contr. 14, 121–130.
  9. Some, E. S. (1994) E. Afr. Med. J. 71, 2–8.
  10. Matola, Y. G., White, G. B. & Magayuka, S. A. (1987) J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 127–134.3586093
  11. Fowler, V. G., Jr., Lemnge, M. S., Irare, G., Malecela, E., Mhina, J., Mtui, S., Mashaka, M. & Mtoi, R. (1993) J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96, 337–345.8254710
  12. Githeko, A. K. & Ndegwa, W. (2001) Global Change Hum. Health 2, 45–63.
  13. Garnham, P. C. C. (1948) J. Natl. Malaria Soc. 7, 275–284.
  14. Bashford, G. & Richens, J. (1992) Papua New Guinea Med. J. 35, 306–307.
  15. Cullen, J. R., Chitprarop, U., Doberstyn, E. B. & Somebatwattanangkul, K. (1984) Bull. WHO 62, 107–114.
  16. el Samani, F. Z., Willett, W. C. & Ware, J. H. (1987) J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 69–78.3494136

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 498

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Zhou, G., Minakawa, N., Githeko, A. K., & Yan, G.
Affiliations
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
Corresponding author
Yan, Guiyun
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2004-02-17
Volume
101
Issue
8
Pages
2375-2380
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0308714100
PMC
PMC356958
OpenAlex
W1990791331
Cited by
498
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 30
FWCI
19.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2004-09-14)
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI050243, R01 AI 50243)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Keywords
climate variability, malaria epidemic, Plasmodium falciparum, East African highlands, malaria resurgence, temperature, rainfall, seasonal variation, autoregression
MeSH terms
Africa, Eastern, Climate, Disease Outbreaks, Ethiopia, Humans, Kenya, Malaria, Seasons, Temperature, Uganda, Incidence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review