High antigen levels are the cause of T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection

Abstract

Many persistent viral infections induce dysfunctional T cell responses. Although a negative correlation exists between viral load and T cell responses during chronic infection, it is not known whether high antigen levels are the cause or just the consequence of T cell exhaustion. Furthermore, it is unclear what role antigen presentation by bone-marrow (BM) derived versus infected parenchymal cells has on T cell exhaustion. To address these issues, we examined the influence of antigen presentation by different cell types on CD8 + T cell responses during persistent infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13. We generated BM chimeric mice, in which non-BM derived cells were MHC class I deficient. Virus-specific CD8 + T cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues were increased in both number and ability to produce cytokines in these mice soon after infection. However, viral clearance from infected MHC I −/− parenchyma was significantly impaired, despite increased populations of cytokine producing CTL. The CD8 + T cell response was overwhelmed by sustained antigen persistence, becoming increasingly exhausted within 4–6 weeks. Thus, we find that ( i ) sustained antigen presentation directly drives T cell exhaustion during a chronic viral infection, ( ii ) CTL require direct antigen-MHC interactions to clear virus-infected cells, and ( iii ) persistent interactions with antigen presented on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells negatively impacts virus-specific T cell responses during chronic infection.