The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Nature creates the gradient structure (GS) for a purpose: to make biological systems strong and tough to survive severe natural forces. For the grain-size GS, the deformation physics is still unclear. One wonders if the grain-size GS in the nanomicroscale would also benefit materials engineered by mankind. In this paper, a universal strain hardening mechanism is revealed in the GS. We discovered a unique extra strain hardening that is intrinsic to the GS. Its mechanism is the presence of strain gradient together with the stress state change. A superior combination of strength and ductility that is not accessible to conventional homogeneous materials is obtained. As a novel mechanism, extra strain hardening renders high ductility in the GS materials.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Indentation size effects in crystalline materials: A law for strain gradient plasticity
Nix, W. D., & Gao, H. (1998) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/s0022-5096(97)00086-0 · Cited by 4,394
The deformation of plastically non-homogeneous materials
Ashby, M. F. (1970) · The Philosophical Magazine: A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics · doi:10.1080/14786437008238426 · Cited by 4,296
The conflicts between strength and toughness
Ritchie, R. O. (2011) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3115 · Cited by 3,989
High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal
Wang, Y., Chen, M., Zhou, F., & Ma, E. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01133 · Cited by 2,945
Mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity— I. Theory
Gao, H., Huang, Y., Nix, W. D., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1999) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/s0022-5096(98)00103-3 · Cited by 2,261
Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: Lessons from nature
Gao, H., Ji, B., Jäger, I. L., Arzt, E., & Fratzl, P. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0631609100 · Cited by 1,922
Revealing Extraordinary Intrinsic Tensile Plasticity in Gradient Nano-Grained Copper
Fang, T., Li, W. L., Tao, N. R., & Lu, K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200177 · Cited by 1,732
Strength and ductility of ultrafine grained aluminum and iron produced by ARB and annealing
Tsuji, N., Ito, Y., Saito, Y., & Minamino, Y. (2002) · Scripta Materialia · doi:10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00282-8 · Cited by 1,182
Graded Materials for Resistance to Contact Deformation and Damage
Suresh, S. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059716 · Cited by 852
Geometrically necessary dislocation and size-dependent plasticity
Gao, H., & Huang, Y. Y. (2002) · Scripta Materialia · doi:10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00329-9 · Cited by 723
Cited by
Zhu, Y., & Wu, X. (2023) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101019 · Cited by 1,537
Self-citationPeng, Y., Li, C., Song, M., Xu, Z., Yang, C., Lu, Q., Liu, L., Chen, X., Liu, Y., & Yi, J. (2025) · International Journal of Plasticity · doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104216 · Cited by 68
Jaafreh, R., Sharan, A., Sajjad, M., Singh, N., & Hamad, K. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202210374 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, X., Jiang, P., Chen, L., Yuan, F., & Zhu, Y. T.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-05-05
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 7197-7201
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2040828793
- Cited by
- 1,315
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 21.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.1324069111
- The paper
- Wu, X., Jiang, P., Chen, L., Yuan, F., & Zhu, Y. T. (2014). Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1324069111
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.