Cited by 226Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentLanguage Development and DisordersMemory Processes and Influences

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Infants ask for help when they know they don’t know

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Goupil, Louise, Romand-Monnier, Margaux, Kouider, Sid·2016·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1515129113PMC PMC4822620

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Abstract

Significance: Although many animals have been shown to monitor their own uncertainty, only humans seem to have the ability to explicitly communicate their uncertainty to others. It remains unknown whether this ability is present early in development, or whether it only emerges later alongside language development. Here, using a nonverbal memory-monitoring paradigm, we show that infants are able to strategically ask for help to avoid making mistakes. These findings reveal that infants are capable of monitoring and communicating their own uncertainty. We propose that explicit metacognition develops earlier than previously thought, enabling infants to communicate their own uncertainty nonverbally to gain knowledge from others.

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Authors: Goupil, L., Romand-Monnier, M., & Kouider, S.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID: Goupil, Louise
Kouider, Sid
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2016-03-07
Volume: 113
Issue: 13
Pages: 3492-3496
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515129113
PMC: PMC4822620
OpenAlex: W2294167968
Cited by: 226
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 38.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.pnas.org/preview_site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: EC | European Research Council (263623, 648480)
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-0087, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: metacognition, uncertainty monitoring, infant development, help-seeking, nonverbal communication, memory monitoring, error prevention, strategic decision-making, nonverbal memory
MeSH terms: Cognition, Humans, Infant, Memory, Nonverbal Communication, Infant Behavior, Uncertainty

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Infants ask for help when they know they don’t know

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