Energy landscape in protein folding and unfolding
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Protein folding represents an open question in science, and the free-energy landscape framework is one way to describe it. In particular, the role played by water in the processes is of special interest. To clarify these issues we study, during folding–unfolding, the temperature evolution of the magnetization for hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of hydrated lysozyme using NMR spectroscopy. Our findings confirm the validity of the theoretical scenario of a process dominated by different energetic routes, also explaining the water role in the protein configuration stability. We also highlight that the protein native state limit is represented by the water singular temperature that characterizes its compressibility and expansivity and is the origin of the thermodynamical anomalies of its liquid state.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Protein folding exhibits irreversible fates and fitness landscapes, whereas irreversibility is rarely quantified in population genetics, where traditional models are fundamentally time reversible.
“Like development, protein folding exhibits irreversible fates (184, 185) and fitness landscapes (186–189), whereas irreversibility is rarely quantified in population genetics, where traditional models are fundamentally time reversible (190).”
From Topological Approaches in Animal Comparative Genomics (2026) · cites this paper as [185]
In “Energy landscape in protein folding and unfolding” (page unavailable), the paper describes a free-energy landscape for protein folding and an irreversible denatured state. It does not describe that landscape as a fitness landscape; the citing sentence assigns the population-genetics comparison to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- Yip S, Short MP (2013) Multiscale materials modelling at the mesoscale. Nat Mater 12(9):774-777.
- Laio A, Parrinello M (2002) Escaping free-energy minima. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(20):12562-12566.
- Stillinger FH (1988) Supercooled liquids, glass transition and Kauzmann paradox. J Chem Phys 88(12):7818-7825.
- Laughlin RB, Pines D, Schmalian J, Stojkovic BP, Wolynes P (2000) The middle way. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(1):32-37.
- Mallamace F, et al. (2010) Transport properties of glass-forming liquids suggest that dynamic crossover temperature is as important as the glass transition temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(52):22457-22462.
- Wolynes PG, Onuchic JN, Thirumalai D (1995) Navigating the folding routes. Science 267(5204):1619-1620.
- Karplus M (2011) Behind the folding funnel diagram. Nat Chem Biol 7(7):401-404.
- Zwanzig R, Szabo A, Bagchi B (1992) Levinthal's paradox. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(1): 20-22.
- Sali A, Shakhnovich E, Karplus M (1994) How does a protein fold? Nature 369(6477): 248-251.
- Baldwin RL (1994) Protein folding. Matching speed and stability. Nature 369(6477):183-184.
- Schuler B, Eaton WA (2008) Protein folding studied by single-molecule FRET. Curr Opin Struct Biol 18(1):16-26.
- Colletier JP, et al. (2008) Shoot-and-Trap: Use of specific x-ray damage to study structural protein dynamics by temperature-controlled cryo-crystallography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(33):11742-11747.
- Boehr DD, McElheny D, Dyson HJ, Wright PE (2006) The dynamic energy landscape of dihydrofolate reductase catalysis. Science 313(5793):1638-1642.
- Li CB, Yang H, Komatsuzaki T (2008) Multiscale complex network of protein conforma- tional fluctuations in single-molecule time series. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(2):536-541.
- Ihalainen JA, et al. (2007) Folding and unfolding of a photoswitchable peptide from picoseconds to microseconds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(13):5383-5388.
- Ihalainen JA, et al. (2008) Alpha-Helix folding in the presence of structural constraints. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(28):9588-9593.
- Jeffrey GA, Saenger W (1991) Hydrogen Bonding in Biological Structures (Springer, Berlin).
- Oliveberg M, Tan YJ, Fersht AR (1995) Negative activation enthalpies in the kinetics of protein folding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(19):8926-8929.
- Dobson CM, Sali A, Karplus M (1998) Protein folding: A perspective from theory and experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed 37(7):868-893.
- Privalov PL (1996) Intermediate states in protein folding. J Mol Biol 258(5):707-725.
- Privalov PL, Dragan AI (2007) Microcalorimetry of biological macromolecules. Biophys Chem 126(1-3):16-24.
- Best RB, et al. (2007) Effect of flexibility and cis residues in single-molecule FRET studies of polyproline. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(48):18964-18969.
- van Nuland NAJ, Balbach J, Forge V, Dobson CM (1998) Real-time NMR studies of protein folding. Acc Chem Res 31(11):773-780.
- Salvetti G, Tombari E, Mikheeva L, Johary GP (2002) The endothermic effects during denaturation of lysozyme by temperature modulated calorimetry and an inter- mediate reaction equilibrium. J Phys Chem B 106(23):6081-6087.
- Mallamace F, et al. (2011) A possible role of water in the protein folding process. J Phys Chem B 115(48):14280-14294.
- Redfield C, Dobson CM (1988) Sequential 1H NMR assignments and secondary structure of hen egg white lysozyme in solution. Biochemistry 27(1):122-136.
- Walsh STR, et al. (2003) The hydration of amides in helices; a comprehensive picture from molecular dynamics, IR, and NMR. Protein Sci 12(3):520-531.
- Cooper A (2005) Heat capacity effects in protein folding and ligand binding: A re- evaluation of the role of water in biomolecular thermodynamics. Biophys Chem 115(2-3):89-97.
- Sundaralingam M, Sekharudu YC (1989) Water-inserted alpha-helical segments im- plicate reverse turns as folding intermediates. Science 244(4910):1333-1337.
- Simpson JH, Carr HY (1958) Diffusion and nuclear spin relaxation in water. Phys Rev 111(5):1201.
- Mallamace F, et al. (2014) The influence of water on protein properties. J Chem Phys 141(16):165104.
- Mallamace F, Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Vasi C, Stanley HE (2014) Thermody- namic properties of bulk and confined water. J Chem Phys 141(18):18C504.
- Lindon JC, Beckonert OP, Holmes E, Nicholson JK (2009) High-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy: Application to biomedical studies. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 55(2):79-100.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Topological Approaches in Animal Comparative Genomics
Schultz, D. T., & Simakov, O. (2026) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-030424-084541 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mallamace, F., Corsaro, C., Mallamace, D., Vasi, S., Vasi, C., Baglioni, P., Buldyrev, S. V., Chen, S.-H., & Stanley, H. E.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Messina (IT)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (IT)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IT)
- Yeshiva University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-03-08
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3159-3163
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4812744
- OpenAlex
- W2296239589
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1505000, 1213217, 1125290, DE-FG02-90ER45429)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-90ER45429, DEFG0290ER45429)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (1125290, CMMI-1125290)
- Division of Chemistry (1213217)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein purification and stability
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- protein folding, protein unfolding, free energy landscape, lysozyme, magnetization, hydration, native state, thermodynamic anomalies, water compressibility
- MeSH terms
- Muramidase, Protein Denaturation, Temperature, Protein Folding, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review