The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the evolution of the genetic code.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Most likely, the code assignments and the translation mechanism evolved together [75].”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“Consequently, many amino acids have more than one tRNA to which they can attach; in addition, many tRNAs can pair with more than one codon [75].”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“The 20 amino acids that were found in proteins are specified by 61 different mRNA codons. Instead of containing 61 different tRNAs with 61 different codons, though, most bacterial cells contain some 30-40 different tRNAs.”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“We concur with previous researchers that multi-generations of amino acids were sequentially produced [75,88,104,113] as the code expanded, along with the pathways of amino acid biosynthesis.”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Citations
Cites
THE MAINTENANCE OF THE ACCURACY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO AGEING
Orgel, L. E. (1963) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.49.4.517 · Cited by 968
STREPTOMYCIN, SUPPRESSION, AND THE CODE
DAVIES, J. E., Gilbert, W., & Gorini, L. (1964) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.51.5.883 · Cited by 474
Misreading of RNA Codewords Induced by Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
DAVIES, J. E., Gorini, L., & Davis, B. D. (1965) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)14722-6 · Cited by 402
RNA codewords and protein synthesis, VII. On the general nature of the RNA code.
Nirenberg, M., Leder, P., Bernfield, M. R., Brimacombe, R. L. C., Trupin, J. S., ROTTMAN, F. M., & O'Neal, C. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.53.5.1161 · Cited by 334
Complexing ability and coding properties of synthetic polynucleotides
Szer, W., & Ochoa, S. (1964) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80163-7 · Cited by 198
Woese, C. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.71 · Cited by 162
Self-citationSöll, D. G., Ohtsuka, E., Jones, D. S., Lohrmann, R., Hayatsu, H., Nishimura, S., & Khorana, H. G. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.5.1378 · Cited by 152
LACK OF FIDELITY IN THE TRANSLATION OF SYNTHETIC POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDES
Friedman, S. M., & Weinstein, I. B. (1964) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.52.4.988 · Cited by 105
RNA Codewords and Protein Synthesis
Bernfield, M. R., & Nirenberg, M. W. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.147.3657.479 · Cited by 103
Polynucleotide analogues II. Stimulation of amino acid incorporation by polynucleotide analogues
GRUNBERG‐MANAGO, M., & Michelson, A. M. (1964) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Specialized Section on Nucleic Acids and Related Subjects · doi:10.1016/0926-6550(64)90145-8 · Cited by 60
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Woese, C. R. (1987) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.51.2.221-271.1987 · Cited by 5,042
Self-citationWoese, C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6854 · Cited by 1,053
Self-citationPrebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life
Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Briones, C., & de la Escosura, A. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr2004844 · Cited by 930
The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front
RUSSELL, M. J., & HALL, A. J. (1997) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.3.0377 · Cited by 822
Woese, C. R. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.132266999 · Cited by 762
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Woese, C. R.
- Corresponding author
- Woese, C R
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1965-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1546-1552
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC300511
- OpenAlex
- W1978595049
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- genetic code, origin of the genetic code, codon evolution, molecular evolution
- MeSH terms
- Biological Evolution, Genetic Code, Models, Theoretical, RNA, Transfer
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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