The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The molecular basis for the genetic code.
Open accessAbstract
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The structure of the SGC is nonrandom”
From Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“The structure of the SGC-that is, the mapping of 64 codons to 20 amino acids and the stop signal-is manifestly regular with respect to multiple criteria (44, 84).”
From Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“The primitive GNC code expanded to an SNS code composed of 16 codons (GGC, GGG, GCC, GCG, GAC, GAG, GUC, GUG, CUC, GUG, CCC, CGC, CAC, CAG, CGC, and CGG) and 10 amino acids (glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, valine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, histidine, glutamine, and arginine) [66,80].”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
Citations
Cites
RNA codewords and protein synthesis, VII. On the general nature of the RNA code.
Nirenberg, M., Leder, P., Bernfield, M. R., Brimacombe, R. L. C., Trupin, J. S., ROTTMAN, F. M., & O'Neal, C. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.53.5.1161 · Cited by 334
Crick, F. H. C., Griffith, J. S., & Orgel, L. E. (1957) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.43.5.416 · Cited by 333
Woese, C. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.71 · Cited by 162
Self-citationSöll, D. G., Ohtsuka, E., Jones, D. S., Lohrmann, R., Hayatsu, H., Nishimura, S., & Khorana, H. G. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.5.1378 · Cited by 152
Isherwood, F. A., & Jermyn, M. A. (1951) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0480515 · Cited by 139
Nucleic acid interactions with metal ions and amino acids
Zubay, G., & Doty, P. M. (1958) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(58)90145-8 · Cited by 105
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, the Genetic Code, and the Evolutionary Process
Woese, C. R., Olsen, G. J., Ibba, M., & Söll, D. (2000) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.64.1.202-236.2000 · Cited by 706
Self-citationKnight, R. D., Freeland, S. J., & Landweber, L. F. (2001) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2001-2-4-research0010 · Cited by 439
Origin and evolution of the genetic code: The universal enigma
Koonin, E. V., & Novozhilov, A. S. (2009) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.146 · Cited by 392
An integrated, structure- and energy-based view of the genetic code
Grosjean, H., & Westhof, E. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw608 · Cited by 278
Wolf, Y. I., & Koonin, E. V. (2007) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-2-14 · Cited by 235
“The early attempts to establish specificity in interactions of (poly)amino acids and polynucleotides have been inconclusive, indicating that, if a correspondence exists, it must be much less than precise, and the interactions involved would be weak and dependent on extraneous factors [94-96].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Woese, C. R., Dugre, D. H., Saxinger, W. C., & Dugre, S. A.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1966-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 966-974
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC224258
- OpenAlex
- W1970443025
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- genetic code, codon, amino acid assignment, protein synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Chemistry, Chromatography, Paper, Genetic Code, Pyridines, Solvents, Protein Biosynthesis, Water, Chemical Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
