A theory of group selection.

Group selection on the boundary of a stable population

Boorman, S. A., & Levitt, P. R. (1973) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(73)90007-5 · Cited by 242

High individual variation in pheromone production by tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Pureswaran, D. S., Sullivan, B. T., & Ayres, M. P. (2007) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0292-5 · Cited by 30

Cooperation and competition in social anthropology

Molina, J. L., Lubbers, M. J., García, H. V., & Gómez, S. (2017) · Anthropology Today · doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12323 · Cited by 30

Units of Selection

Suárez, J., & Lloyd, E. A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009276429 · Cited by 29

Agonistic Signals: Integrating Analysis of Functions and Mechanisms

Briffa, M. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118966624.ch6 · Cited by 29

Using group selection to evolve leadership in populations of self-replicating digital organisms

Knoester, D. B., McKinley, P. K., & Ofria, C. (2007) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) · doi:10.1145/1276958.1277016 · Cited by 28

Maximizing Growth Yield and Dispersal via Quorum Sensing Promotes Cooperation in Vibrio Bacteria

Bruger, E. L., & Waters, C. M. (2018) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00402-18 · Cited by 28

Partner Selection Shapes the Strategic and Topological Evolution of Cooperation

Du, F., & Fu, F. (2011) · Dynamic Games and Applications · doi:10.1007/s13235-011-0015-6 · Cited by 28

Maynard Smith on the levels of selection question

Okasha, S. (2006) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-005-9019-1 · Cited by 28

How Do Stress and Social Closeness Impact Prosocial Behavior?

Passarelli, T. O., & Buchanan, T. W. (2020) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000482 · Cited by 28

The evolution of power and the divergence of cooperative norms

Makowsky, M. D., & Smaldino, P. E. (2015) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.09.002 · Cited by 29

Could Mammalian Herbivores "Manage" Their Resources?

Gordon, I. J., & Lindsay, W. K. (1990) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545544 · Cited by 28

Conflicts among Levels of Selection as Fuel for the Evolution of Individuality

Rainey, P. B., & Kerr, B. (2011) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8775.003.0013 · Cited by 27

The role of habitat configuration in shaping animal population processes: a framework to generate quantitative predictions

He, P. J., Montiglio, P., Somveille, M., Cantor, M., & Farine, D. R. (2021) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-021-04967-y · Cited by 27

An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding the Origin of Eukaryotes

Blackstone, N. W. (2016) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology5020018 · Cited by 29

The role of migration and founder effect for the evolution of cooperation in a multilevel selection context

Ichinose, G., & Arita, T. (2007) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.025 · Cited by 26

Evolution of cooperation driven by social-welfare-based migration

Li, Y., Ye, H., & Zhang, H. (2015) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2015.10.107 · Cited by 26

Individual and Group Personalities Characterise Consensus Decision‐Making in an Ant

Cronin, A. L. (2015) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12386 · Cited by 26

The effect of multiple mating on genetic relatedness in larval aggregations of the imported willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

McCauley, D. E., & OʼDonnell, R. (1984) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00292991 · Cited by 26

Holobionts and their hologenomes: Evolution with mixed modes of inheritance

Haag, K. L. (2018) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0070 · Cited by 25

Why Do Corals Bleach? Conflict and Conflict Mediation in a Host/Symbiont Community

Blackstone, N. W., & Golladay, J. M. (2018) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201800021 · Cited by 25

Group selection and the evolution of altruism

Cooper, B. (2004) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpf043 · Cited by 25

Coexistence and cooperation in structured habitats

Geyrhofer, L., & Brenner, N. (2020) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-020-00281-y · Cited by 24

Impact of direct physical association and motility on fitness of a synthetic interkingdom microbial community

Scarinci, G., & Sourjik, V. (2022) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-022-01352-2 · Cited by 24

Holistic Darwinism: The new evolutionary paradigm and some implications for political science

Corning, P. A. (2008) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.2990/27_1_22 · Cited by 24

Adaptive aging in the context of evolutionary theory

Mitteldorf, J. (2012) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297912070036 · Cited by 24

Evolutionary epistemology: Reviewing and reviving with new data the research programme for distributed biological intelligence

Slijepčević, P. (2017) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.11.008 · Cited by 24

The Ecology of Social Life: A Synthesis

Heinze, J., & Korb, J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7_12 · Cited by 24

Animal Welfare: A Social Networks Perspective

Kleinhappel, T. K., John, E. A., Pike, T. W., Wilkinson, A., & Burman, O. H. P. (2016) · Science Progress · doi:10.3184/003685016x14495640902331 · Cited by 24

Some consequences of selection

Skinner, B. F. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026984 · Cited by 24

Evolutionary psychology and economic theory

Koppl, R. (2004) · Advances in Austrian economics · doi:10.1016/s1529-2134(2005)7 · Cited by 11

A Critique of R.D. Alexander's Views on Group Selection

Wilson, D. S. (1999) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1023/a:1006577511789 · Cited by 24

Explaining human altruism

Vlerick, M. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02890-y · Cited by 23

Cooperation and coordination in heterogeneous populations

Wang, X., Couto, M. C., Wang, N., An, X., Чэн, Б., Dong, Y., Hilbe, C., & Zhang, B. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0504 · Cited by 25

Friendship-based partner switching promotes cooperation in heterogeneous populations

Chen, W., Wu, T., Li, Z., & Wang, L. (2015) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2015.09.025 · Cited by 23

The emergence of cooperation from a single mutant during microbial life cycles

Melbinger, A., Cremer, J., & Frey, E. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0171 · Cited by 23

Computer simulations of cellular group selection reveal mechanism for sustaining cooperation

Markvoort, A. J., Sinai, S., & Nowak, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.04.029 · Cited by 23

Disparity, adaptation, exaptation, bookkeeping, and contingency at the genome level

Brosius, J. (2005) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0001:daebac]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 23

Evolutionary Origins of Aging

Mitteldorf, J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3999-6_5 · Cited by 23

50‐year anniversary of Lloyd's “mean crowding”: Ideas on patchy distributions

Wade, M. J., Fitzpatrick, C. L., & Lively, C. M. (2018) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12854 · Cited by 23

The Price equation and the unity of social evolution theory

Lehtonen, J. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0362 · Cited by 23

Can Selfish Symbioses Effect Higher-Level Selection?

Watson, R. A. R., Palmius, N., Mills, R., Powers, S. T., & Penn, A. S. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21314-4_4 · Cited by 23

Colony level and within colony level selection in honeybees

Moritz, R. F. A. (1989) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300190 · Cited by 23

Complete separation along matrilines in a social spider metapopulation inferred from hypervariable mitochondrial DNA region

Agnarsson, I., Maddison, W. P., & Avilés, L. (2010) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04681.x · Cited by 22

Aggregative cycles evolve as a solution to conflicts in social investment

Miele, L., & Monte, S. D. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008617 · Cited by 24

The dynamics of cooperation, power, and inequality in a group-structured society

Tverskoi, D., Senthilnathan, A., & Gavrilets, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97863-7 · Cited by 26

Selection Dynamics in Transient Compartmentalization

Blokhuis, A. W. P., Lacoste, D., Nghe, P., & Peliti, L. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.158101 · Cited by 24

Multilevel selection as Bayesian inference, major transitions in individuality as structure learning

Czégel, D., Zachar, I., & Szathmáry, E. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190202 · Cited by 24

Direct reciprocity and model-predictive rationality explain network reciprocity over social ties

Dercole, F., Rossa, F. D., & Piccardi, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41547-w · Cited by 24

Colony fission affects kinship in a social insect

Seppä, P., Fernández-Escudero, I., Gyllenstrand, N., & Pamilo, P. (2007) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0483-2 · Cited by 22

Kin groups and trait groups: Population structure and epidemic disease selection

Fix, A. G. (1984) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330650213 · Cited by 22

Ambiguities and Pragmatic Factors in the Units of Selection Controversy

Cassidy, J. R. (1981) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/288980 · Cited by 22

Evolution and maintenance of cooperation via inheritance of neighborhood relationship

Tan, S., Lü, J., Yu, X., & Hill, D. J. (2013) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-013-5984-y · Cited by 21

Evidence of Reciprocal Allonursing in Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus

Engelhardt, S. C., Weladji, R. B., Holand, Ø., Røed, K. H., & Nieminen, M. (2014) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12334 · Cited by 23

Coherence

Givón, T. (2020) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.230 · Cited by 21

The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis

Lo, A. W., & Zhang, R. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199681143.001.0001 · Cited by 23

Can Simpson's paradox explain co-operation inPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms?

Penn, A. S., Conibear, T. C. R., Watson, R. A. R., Kraaijeveld, A. R., & Webb, J. S. (2012) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00970.x · Cited by 21

Multilevel mutation-selection systems and set-valued duals

Dawson, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-017-1145-2 · Cited by 22

Group-level events are catalysts in the evolution of cooperation

Simon, B., & Pilosov, M. (2016) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.021 · Cited by 21

Cooperation: Bridging Ecology and Sociobiology

Foster, K. R., & Xavier, J. B. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.005 · Cited by 21

Comparative economics: evolution and the modern economy

Vermeij, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1007/s10818-009-9062-0 · Cited by 21

Synthesis and Selection: Wynne-Edwards' Challenge to David Lack

Borrello, M. E. (2003) · Journal of the History of Biology · doi:10.1023/b:hist.0000004569.71224.65 · Cited by 21

The Evolution of Temporal Patterns of Selfishness, Altruism, and Group Cohesion

Day, T., & Taylor, P. D. (1998) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/286152 · Cited by 21

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF A PRIMITIVELY SOCIAL BEE: DOES GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE FACILITATE ALTRUISM?

Blows, M. W., & Schwarz, M. P. (1991) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04338.x · Cited by 21

Natural selection. VII. History and interpretation of kin selection theory

Frank, S. A. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1305.4354 · Cited by 20

The Evolutionary Function of Awe: A Review and Integrated Model of Seven Theoretical Perspectives

Lucht, A., & van Schie, H. T. (2023) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739231197199 · Cited by 22

Cooperation in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Is Learned by Operant Conditioning Mechanisms

Gutnisky, D. A., & Zanutto, B. S. (2004) · Artificial Life · doi:10.1162/1064546041766479 · Cited by 20

Promotion of cooperation by selective group extinction

Böttcher, M. A., & Nagler, J. (2016) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/6/063008 · Cited by 20

Are kin and group selection rivals or friends?

Birch, J. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.065 · Cited by 20

The generality of transient compartmentalization and its associated error thresholds

Blokhuis, A. W. P., Nghe, P., Peliti, L., & Lacoste, D. (2019) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110110 · Cited by 21

Social Evolution and Cheating in Plant Pathogens

Friesen, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Phytopathology · doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012740 · Cited by 20

Replicators, consequences, and displacement activities

Dawkins, R. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026790 · Cited by 20

Evolution of Cooperation

Traag, V. (2014) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06391-1_9 · Cited by 20

Kin Selection, Group Selection, and the Varieties of Population Structure

Birch, J. (2017) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axx028 · Cited by 19

Incentive strategies for the evolution of cooperation: Analysis and optimization

Wang, S., Liu, L., & Chen, X. (2021) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/ac3c8a · Cited by 20

Inter-colonial selection for the maintenance of cooperative breeding in the ant Pristomyrmex pungens : a laboratory experiment

Tsuji, K. (1994) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00171500 · Cited by 19

A hierarchical cooperative evolutionary algorithm

Wu, S. X., & Banzhaf, W. (2010) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) · doi:10.1145/1830483.1830527 · Cited by 19

Evolutionary pressures on planktonic production of atmospheric sulphur

Caldeira, K. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337732a0 · Cited by 19

A Critical Review of Models in Sociobiology

Williams, B. J. (1981) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001115 · Cited by 19

Altruism – A Philosophical Analysis

Clavien, C., & Chapuisat, M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0003442.pub2 · Cited by 22

Rotating the Necker cube: A bioeconomic approach to cooperation and the causal role of synergy in evolution

Corning, P. A. (2012) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1007/s10818-012-9142-4 · Cited by 18

The evolution of strand preference in simulated RNA replicators with strand displacement: Implications for the origin of transcription

Takeuchi, N., Salazar, L., Poole, A. M., & Hogeweg, P. (2008) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-33 · Cited by 18

Sustainability of a Compartmentalized Host-Parasite Replicator System under Periodic Washout-Mixing Cycles

Furubayashi, T., & Ichihashi, N. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8010003 · Cited by 19

Bookkeeping or Metaphysics? The Units of Selection Debate

Walsh, D. M. (2004) · Synthese · doi:10.1023/b:synt.0000016426.73707.92 · Cited by 18

The Bioeconomics of Cooperation

Gifford, A. (2000) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1023/a:1011466701827 · Cited by 18

Invention and Evolution of Correlated Conventions

Herrmann, D. A., & Skyrms, B. (2021) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/717161 · Cited by 17

The ecology of empire

Figueredo, A. J., Peñaherrera‐Aguirre, M., Fernandes, H. B. F., Lomayesva, S., Menie, M. A. W. O., Hertler, S. C., & Sarraf, M. A. (2019) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2019.12 · Cited by 17

An evolutionary game with revengers and sufferers on complex networks

Zhang, Y., Zeng, Z., Pi, B., & Feng, M. (2023) · Applied Mathematics and Computation · doi:10.1016/j.amc.2023.128168 · Cited by 17

Moderate tolerance promotes tag-mediated cooperation in spatial Prisoner’s dilemma game

Zhang, H. (2015) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2015.01.005 · Cited by 17

Trinidadian guppies use a social heuristic that can support cooperation among non-kin

Darden, S. K., James, R., Cave, J. M., Brask, J. B., & Croft, D. P. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0487 · Cited by 17

Theoretical approaches to disclosing the emergence and adaptive advantages of multipartite viruses

Lucía-Sanz, A., Aguirre, J., & Manrubia, S. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.018 · Cited by 17

The costs and benefits of resource sharing: reciprocity requires resource heterogeneity

Whitlock, M. C., DAVIS, B. H., & Yeaman, S. (2007) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01387.x · Cited by 17

How Durable are Social Norms? Immigrant Trust and Generosity in 132 Countries

Helliwell, J. F., Wang, S., & Xu, J. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19855 · Cited by 17

Competitive and cooperative games for probing the neural basis of social decision-making in animals

Wang, H., & Kwan, A. C. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105158 · Cited by 18

Cocoa breeding must take into account the competitive value of cocoa trees

TRÉBISSOU, I. C., Tahi, G. M., Muñoz, F., Sánchez, L., N’Guetta, A. S.-P., Cilas, C., & Ribeyre, F. (2021) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2021.126288 · Cited by 16

Has HIV evolved to induce immune pathogenesis?

Bartha, I., Šimon, P., & Müller, V. (2008) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.04.005 · Cited by 16

Born to Cooperate? Altruism as Exaptation and the Evolution of Human Sociality

Pievani, T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9520-9_4 · Cited by 16

Shifting values partly explain the debate over group selection

Shavit, A. (2004) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2004.09.007 · Cited by 16

Systems Approach to Studying Animal Sociality: Individual Position versus Group Organization in Dynamic Social Network Models

Hock, K., Ng, K. L., & Fefferman, N. H. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015789 · Cited by 16

Play locally, learn globally: group selection and structural basis of cooperation

Choi, J.-K. (2008) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1007/s10818-008-9039-4 · Cited by 16

Social Organizational Modes in Models of Microtine Cycling

Madison, D. M. (1990) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-6416-9_3 · Cited by 16

Evolution of an Altruistic Trait through Group Selection as Studied by the Diffusion Equation Method

KIMURA, M. (1984) · Mathematical Medicine and Biology A Journal of the IMA · doi:10.1093/imammb/1.1.1 · Cited by 17

Group Selection

Dugatkin, L. A. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1038/npg.els.0005447

Group Selection in Structured Populations

Bell, G. (1978) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/283281 · Cited by 78

Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: a differential proliferation model.

Crow, J. F., & Aoki, K. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2628 · Cited by 117

Group Selection, Altruism, and Structured-Deme Models

Nunney, L. (1985) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284410 · Cited by 212